APWH Chapter 12 Ways of the World 4th Edition

What caused the outbreak of WWI?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne)

How was the outbreak of WWI an accident?

The assassination of the archduke was not planned

Why was war welcome in conservative countries?

War was seen as an opportunity to unify the country in the face of a crisis

How did industrialized militarism contribute to WWI?

It meant that countries could mass-produce weapons, and would have resources readily available for war

How did European imperialism shape the reach and the conduct of WWI?

Troops from their colonies were used to fight in the war, and when the troops went home they had war experience and were more violent and less accepting of unfair treatment from their leaders.

How was WWI a total war?

The entire resources and population were mobilized toward the war effort.

Who lost WWI?

Germany

What was a long-term social outcome of WWI?

Intellectuals questioned their superiority and thought maybe their advancements weren't so good due to all of the death and destruction.

How did WWI affect women?

It gave them jobs while the men were at war, but once the men came back the women were supposed to go back into the house.

Loosened tradition

What caused social mobility after the war?

The huge casualties

What states collapsed to form new ones after WWI?

The German, Russian, and Austro-Hungarian empires

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that formally ended WWI. It blamed Germany for WW I and forced them to take all responsibility. Creates resentment especially from veterans.

Global change of WWI

Final end to Ottoman Empire; genocide and deporting of millions of Armenians (Ottomans thought they were working w/ the Russians)

contradictory promises for Palestine to Jews and Muslims by the Brits

Asian + African men come home w/ political awareness

forms modern map of middle least

How did WWI bring the US to the center as a main global power?

The US had the manpower to help defeat Germany, meaning that instead of being in debt, they were creditors

A significant outcome of WWI?

World communism

How did WW1 boost the Russian Revolution?

It gave an opening to protest and take over due to the chaos of the war

Soviets

Organizations of soldiers and workers forming labor unions defending the interests of industrial workers

Tsar Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia; end of the Romanov line. Executed along with the rest of his family under Lenin.

Bolsheviks

Leader = Lenin

Socialist party that seized power under Lenin... called their party "communist"

Renamed country USSR

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader AFTER Lenin

Marxist ideology "totalitarian"

Gulags

Harsh Soviet labor camps

Terror/Great Purges

Late 1930s

People arrested or killed in the middle of the night

Went on trial, either killed or sent to gulag

How did the Great Depression create a domino effect?

It started in the US, where they were heavily entangled into the world economy. This meant that when demand coming from the US declined, places that exported to America suffered economically.

Ex: rubber in SE Asia when automobile sales dropped by half

Fascism

A political ideology led by a dictator involving extreme nationalism and racism and NO tolerance of opposition

Hated other parties

Wanted to mobilize the nation for some "greater cause"

Why did fascism appeal to Italians?

Promised a strong, stable government

Promised an end to political feuding

Many small business owners were scared of losing their independence to big businesses or socialists

What led to fascism in Italy?

Resentful veterans

No thorough industrial econ. or democratic culture

Beninto Mussolini

Seized power in time of violence

Leader of WWII

Black Shirts

Private army under Mussolini that was composed of unemployed men and disillusioned veterans

Anti socialism and communism

How were women represented under Italian fascism?

They were seen as domestic and unequal

How was German fascism like Italian fascism?

Extreme nationalism

Advocated the use of violence as a political tool

Single-party dictatorship

Led by charismatic figures

Hated parliamentary democracy and communism

Viewed war as a positive experience.

How did the Treaty of Versailles contribute to WWII?

It created resentment among veterans, Hitler wants revenge

How did the Great Depression contribute to German fascism?

The state was suffering and they wanted someone to take decisive action, which Hitler did.

What were the characteristics of German fascism?

Nationalism

Racial superiority

Hatred for Jews

Ready to fight econ issues

Determination to save rep of Germany

Anti-Semitism in Germany

Jews restricted from universities, civil employment, professional organizations

Nuremberg Laws... sexual relations and marriage between Germans and Jews forbidden

Gender under Nazi policy

Wanted to limit women to the home

Praised mothers due to concern about declining birth rates

Sexism in Nazi Germany

Against contraception, abortion, birth control BUT NOT CONSERVATIVE...

made brothels so men would have their "sexual outlets"

How was German and Italian authoritarianism similar to Japanese?

New Great Powers

Industrializing and empire building in the late 1800s

Little experience with democracy

Going towards authoritarianism in 1930s

How was Japanese authoritarianism unique?

Not much participation in WWI

No right-wing/fascist party got support, couldn't seize power

No charismatic leader

People arrested for political offenses not killed/jailed... sent to "resocialization" programs

Strong government already established

Got out of Depression quickly

Examples of ways Japan was using Western and democratic ideas

Universal male suffrage by 1925

2 party system emerging

Education expanding

Urban consumer society emerging

Middle class women in new jobs

Rice Riots

Protests in 1918 against the rising prices of rice in Japan.

Revolutionary Right (Japan)

Movement in Japanese political life marked by extreme nationalism and foreign expansion

Social awareness in Japan

Women's rights

Tenant unions

Union memberships 3x in 1920s

How did the Great Depression contribute to Japanese authoritarianism?

The economic crisis in Japan crushed hopes in democracy

Changes in 1930s in Japan reflecting right-wing thinking

Military life more prominent

Censorship

Zaibatsu

Large corporations through which elite families exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan

How did WWII start in Asia?

Japan was condemned for seizing Manchuria then aligned with the other Axis powers (Italy and Germany), meaning that the Allies were even bitter towards Japan.

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

Ally Powers

Britain, Soviet Union, United States

Why did Japan extend their military operations to Southeast Asia?

To take over the resource-rich colonies and become more independent

Said they were liberating Asia from European rule and making an "Asia for Asians"

How did Japan rule over the Southeast Asian colonies?

Even more harshly than the Europeans had

How did WWII start in Europe?

Germany attacks Poland **MAIN TRIGGER**

Why weren't people enthusiastic about WWII like they were WWI?

Because they knew suffering and despair lay ahead

What were the war tactics used in WWI?

Trench warfare and defense

What were the war tactics used in WWII?

"blitzkrieg"... German war tactic involving tanks, infantry, airpower over large areas (initially successful)

Who retaliated against Germany?

Soviet Union... crept towards German heartland slowly

What were the outcomes of WWII?

60 million deaths

Mobilization of entire populations for war

Holocaust

Drew women into the workforce and military

Rearranges world politics

Consolidation of communism

Who did the Holocaust target?

Mostly Jews, BUT ALSO Poles/Russians/other Slavs, handicapped people, gays, communists, Jehovah's witnesses (anyone seen as undesirable)

Where were there more deaths in WWII

The Soviet Union mainly, also China but less

Rape of Nanjing

200K-300K Chinese civilians killed, MANY women sexually assaulted

What was responsible for the huge casualties of WWII?

New military tech

Blurred lines between where to attack (entire populations became targets, not just military)

What new military technology was available for WWII?

Missiles, atomic weapons, jet fighters, heavy bombers

How did WWII affect world politics?

Europe was weakened and impoverished

African men came home with different views on colonization, racism, and white people

What did nations do to keep world peace and simultaneously help Europe recover from the war?

Forming the UN (United Nations) which was the successor of the League of Nations

The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund help regulate the global economy and prevent another depression

How did WWII consolidate communism?

Since the Soviet Union won, it legitimized their economic-political system as well as the leader

CCP (Chinese Communist Party)

Enemy is Guomindang

Governed China after 1928

Struggled for 20 years to gain power

Leaders are military officer Chiang Kai-shek, THEN Mao ZedongWhat

How did communism extend to Eastern Europe?

Russian expanded to Eastern Europe and the presence of the military pressured them to convert

Why did Russia expand?

Thought that the American aid program would drag Russia into a capitalist system... tried to prevent this by instilling loyal communist governments into Eastern European countries

Difference between Chinese and Russian communism

China's communist party struggled for a long time to gain power, Russian did not

Chinese found support in rural areas, Russian in urban

Chinese opening for upheaval was Japan's attack on China, Russian opening was assassination of Tsar Nicholas II

Russian communism in place before WWII, Chinese took hold after the war

What did the CCP do in areas it controlled that earned it further support

Reduced rents and interest payments for peasants, mobilized women, taught literacy to adults

Difference between Nazism and fascism?

Racial superiority