Learn: BIOL 191 Unit 3: Coenzymes, Redox, ATP and Cellular Respiration

What are coenzymes?

Organic molecules that serve as cofactors for enzymes.

What is a cofactor?

A non-protein molecule or ion required for the proper functioning of an enzyme.

Name an example of an inorganic cofactor.

Ions of zinc, iron, or copper.

What is the role of NAD+ in cellular metabolism?

NAD+ accepts electrons during redox reactions and acts as an electron carrier.

Define oxidation.

The loss of electrons from a substance.

Define reduction.

The gain of electrons by a substance.

What is a redox reaction?

A chemical reaction where electrons are lost from one substance (oxidation) and added to another (reduction).

What is ATP?

Adenosine Triphosphate, the main usable energy source for cells.

How is ATP generated?

Through substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.

What is phosphorylation?

The transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a molecule.

What are the four main stages of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation.

What is the function of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

To shuttle electrons through redox reactions to produce ATP.

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

Oxygen.

What is the byproduct of oxygen acting as the final electron acceptor?

Water (H2O).

What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?

Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, while aerobic respiration requires oxygen.

What is fermentation?

An anaerobic process that occurs in the cytoplasm and is moderately efficient.

What are autotrophs?

Organisms that produce their own food, also known as producers.

What are photoautotrophs?

organisms that produce food for themselves and other organisms.

What are heterotrophs?

Organisms that consume other organisms for food, also known as consumers.

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP.

What is the role of NADH in the electron transport chain?

NADH donates electrons to the ETC to help produce ATP.

How much ATP is produced from oxidative phosphorylation?

About 90% of a cell's ATP.

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

Direct phosphorylation of a molecule by an enzyme, contributing to ATP production.

What is the significance of ATP in cellular activities?

ATP provides energy for all cellular activities through phosphorylation.

What are the food sources for Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)?

Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and oily fish.

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What is the energy yield of glycolysis?

Glycolysis produces a small amount of ATP and NADH.