Health and Movement

What is the role of the endocrine system in relation to movement?

It secretes hormones that regulate metabolism, energy balance, and responses to stress, impacting overall movement efficiency.

What do the '5 Action Areas' of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion include?

1. Build healthy public policy, 2. Strengthen community action, 3. Develop personal skills, 4. Create supportive environments, 5. Reorient health services.

How do aerobic and anaerobic training differ?

Aerobic training requires oxygen and is sustained over longer durations, while anaerobic training is high intensity and does not primarily use oxygen.

What is the impact of altitude on exercise performance?

Higher altitude results in lower air pressure, making it harder to breathe and reducing VO2 max.

What is the 1946 WHO definition of health?

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

What does the dynamic nature of health refer to?

It refers to health constantly changing along a continuum ranging from high-level wellness to premature death, influenced by changing circumstances and dimensions.

What are the five dimensions of health?

Physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions, which interact dynamically to determine overall wellbeing.

What is epidemiology?

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, used to inform health strategies and policies.

What is the difference between mortality and morbidity?

Mortality measures the rate or number of deaths in a population over time, whereas morbidity measures the prevalence or incidence of ill health in an individual or population.

What is the infant mortality rate and why is it significant?

The number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1000 live births; it serves as a key indicator of overall health system quality and socio-economic status.

What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?

Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a condition arising during a specific period, whereas prevalence refers to the total number or proportion of existing cases at a given point in time.

What is the difference between equity and equality in health?

Equality gives every individual identical resources, whereas equity distributes resources according to specific needs to ensure fair and equal health outcomes.

What are the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter?

1. Build healthy public policy, 2. Strengthen community action, 3. Develop personal skills, 4. Create supportive environments, 5. Reorient health services.

What is the biomedical model of health?

A reactive model that focuses on physical and biological aspects of disease, relying on medical technology and professional treatment after illness occurs.

What is the socio-cultural model of health?

A preventative model that addresses broader social, environmental, and cultural determinants of health to modify factors beyond individual control.

What are the five types of bones in the human body?

Long bones (e.g., femur), Short bones (e.g., carpals), Flat bones (e.g., ribs), Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae), and Sesamoid bones (e.g., patella).

What are the three main classifications of joints?

Fibrous (immovable), Cartilaginous (slightly moveable), and Synovial (freely moveable, accounting for 90% of joints).

What are the six types of synovial joints?

Gliding, Hinge, Pivot, Saddle, Condyloid, and Ball and Socket joints.

What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?

Ligaments connect bone to bone to provide joint stability, whereas tendons connect muscle to bone to transfer contractile force into movement.

What is the difference between concentric and eccentric muscle contractions?

An isotonic concentric contraction shortens the muscle under tension against gravity, whereas an isotonic eccentric contraction lengthens the muscle under tension with gravity.

What are the four primary muscle roles during movement?

Agonist (prime mover contracting), Antagonist (relaxes to allow movement), Fixator/Stabiliser (holds origin steady), and Synergist (assists smooth movement).

What is reciprocal inhibition?

The neural mechanism where the agonist muscle contracts while the opposing antagonist muscle automatically relaxes to allow smooth joint motion.

How does gas exchange occur at the alveoli?

Through diffusion across semipermeable membranes where oxygen moves from high partial pressure in alveoli to low partial pressure in capillaries, and carbon dioxide moves in reverse.

What is the formula for cardiac output and what does each variable represent?

$Q = \text{HR} \times \text{SV}$ where $Q$ is Cardiac Output, $\text{HR}$ is Heart Rate (bpm), and $\text{SV}$ is Stroke Volume (mL per beat).

What are the characteristics of slow-twitch (Type I) muscle fibres?

Muscle fibres with high mitochondrial density and myoglobin content that rely on the aerobic system, exhibiting high fatigue resistance for endurance performance.

What are the characteristics of fast-twitch (Type IIb) muscle fibres?

Large cross-sectional muscle fibres that produce maximal anaerobic power rapidly but fatigue quickly, dominant during short explosive efforts.

What is the ATP-PCr energy system and when is it dominant?

An anaerobic energy system utilizing stored adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine; provides explosive power for high-intensity efforts lasting 0 to 10 seconds.

What is the lactic acid system and when is it dominant?

An anaerobic glycolysis pathway breaking down glycogen without oxygen; provides high-intensity energy for ~10 to 60 seconds, producing lactate as a byproduct.

What is the aerobic energy system and when is it dominant?

A metabolic pathway using oxygen in mitochondria to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins; yields vast ATP for prolonged low-to-moderate intensity activity.

What does the FITT principle stand for in training program design?

Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (duration), and Type (mode of exercise).

What are the immediate (acute) physiological responses to exercise?

Acute changes during exercise including increased Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output, Ventilation Rate, Tidal Volume, Lactate, and Blood Pressure.

What are the long-term (chronic) physiological adaptations to aerobic training?

Decreased resting Heart Rate, increased Stroke Volume, cardiac hypertrophy, increased capillarisation, and elevated $\text{VO}_2\text{ max}$.

What are the three stages of motor skill acquisition?

Cognitive (understanding task, frequent errors), Associative (refining movement, internal error detection), and Autonomous (automatic, highly fluent performance).

What is the difference between open and closed motor skills?

Open skills are performed in dynamic, unpredictable environments requiring constant adaptation, whereas closed skills occur in stable, predictable environments.

What is the difference between massed and distributed practice?

Massed practice involves long continuous practice with minimal rest, whereas distributed practice spreads shorter practice intervals across rest periods.

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation comes from internal drives such as personal enjoyment and mastery, whereas extrinsic motivation relies on external rewards like money, trophies, or praise.