arth 153 #1 test

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name of creator: unknown

name of artwork: ziggurat at Ur

date: 2100 BCE

culture: Sumerian

original location (site and placement): Ur (modern day Tell Muquyyar, Iraq)

function: temple

patron: Ur Namma of Sumer (his name was placed on each brick)

material/medium: adobe

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name of artwork: Khafre Enthroned

date: 2520-2494 BCE

culture: Egyptian

original location (site and placement): pyramid complex in Giza - small room

function: container for Ka (essence of life), so shaped to hold a body; bodily perfection represented; not a devotional object

patron: Kafre (was for him!)

material/medium: Diorite

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name of artwork: Seated Gudea as Ensi (governor) of Lagash

date: 2150-2100 BCE

culture: Neo-Sumerian

original location (site and placement): near an altar or buried; not to be seen publicly

function: votive figure - used in cultic practices

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material/medium: Diorite

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name of artwork: pyramids of Khufu, Kafre, and Menkaure

date: 2551-2472 BCE

culture: Egypt

original location (site and placement): Giza

function: served as tombs; burial place of rulers along with their families, things, and pets they’d want with them for the afterlife - not publicly accessible

patron: Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure

material/medium: stone

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name of artwork: Votive figures from the Temple of Abu, Eshnunna

date: 2900-2350

culture: Sumerian

original location (site and placement): Square Temple at Eshnunna

function: devotional objects

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material/medium: gypsum alabaster, shell, and black limestone

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name of artwork: Standard of Ur

date: 2550-2400 BCE

culture: Sumerian

original location (site and placement): placed in a tomb in the Royal Cemetery of Ur

function: perhaps carried on a pole during royal processions, or it was a soundbox

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material/medium: wood inlaid with shell, red limestone, and lapis lazuli

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name of artwork: the Bull Headed Lyre of Ur

date: 2600-2500 BCE

culture: Sumerian

original location (site and placement): Royal Cemetery of Ur

function: instrument

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material/medium: sheet gold, lapis lazuli, shell, bitumen, silver, and wood

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name of artwork: Ishtar Gate

date: 569 BC

culture: Neo-Babylonian

original location (site and placement): ancient city of Babylon (now Iraq)

function: grand ceremonial entrance and defense fortress of Babylon

patron: King Nebuchadnezzar II

material/medium: baked mud brick covered in blue glaze

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what was mesopotamia?

historical region in Southwest Asia situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

when was the Sumerian era?

3500-2332 BCE

when was the Neo-Sumerian era?

2150-1600 BCE

when was the Neo-Babylonia era?

604-559 BCE

what is a ziggurat?

massive, stepped, pyramid-shaped tower built in ancient Mesopotamia

who was the Gudea of Lagash?

Sumerian ruler of the state of Lagash in Mesopotamia, who ruled from 2144–2124 BC

who was Ur Namma of Sumer?

Sumerian king who founded the Third Dynasty of Ur; created the First Law Code (Code of Ur Nammu)

who was Hammurabi?

sixth king of the Babylonian dynasty - wrote the Code of Hammurabi and united Mesopotamia

who was Nebuchadnezzar II?

second king of the Neo-Babylonian empire - had great military conquests, rebuilt Babylon and the Ishtar Gate, and created the Hanging Gardens (one of the seven wonders)

what were the Hanging Gardens?

created by Nebuchadnezzar II for his homesick wife - ascending series of tiered terraces that looked like a green mountain - plants, trees, and flowers grew all over this building, and they engineered an irrigation system for it

who was Inanna/Ishtar?

Inanna (Sumerian) / Ishtar (Mesopotamian) goddess of love, fertility, and war

when was the Old Kingdom of Egypt? Middle Kingdom? New Kingdom?

Old: (2575-2134 BCE), Middle: (2040-1640), and New: (1550-1070)

what were the Books of the Dead?

ancient Egyptian collection of magical prayers and spells to help souls navigate the underworld safely to the afterlife

what was necropolis?

a large, elaborate cemetery/burial site; translates to “city of the dead”

Ka, da, serdab, ahk

the vital components of ancient Egyptian belief in the soul and afterlife

• Ka - life force

• Ba - personality of a person

• akh - transformed spirit

• serdab - small, sealed, above-ground chamber inside an Old Kingdom tomb (mastaba)

what were hieroglyphs?

pictures/symbols used in a writing system to represent an object, sound, or world

what was a mastaba, pyramid, and sphinx?

• mastaba - ancient Egyptian tomb - flat roofed and rectangular

• pyramid - massive stone/brick monuments built as royal tombs

• sphinx - mythical creature with body of a lion and human head

what were sarcophagi, coffins, death masks, and canopic coffins/jars?

• sarcophagus - stone-like coffin used to house and protect the dead

• coffin - like transporting the body

• death mask - mask placed over the head and shoulders of mummies to help the soul recognize its host in the afterlife

• canopic coffin/jar - held and preserved a dead body’s internal organs

who was Khufu?

King in the Old Kingdom from 2589 - 2566 BCE. Commissioned the Great Pyramid of Giza

Who was Khafre?

Son of Khufu and King in the Old Kingdom from 2558-2532 BCE. Commissioned the second largest pyramid at Giza and possibly the Great Sphinx

who was Menkaure?

Possible son of Khafre and King in the Old Kingdom from 2532-2503. Commissioned the third largest pyramid at Giza

who was Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV)?

King in the New Kingdom from 1352 - 1336 BCE. Shifted Egypt to a near-monotheistic religious system based on Aten, the sun god

who was Tutankhamun?

Son of Akhenaten and King of New Kingdom from 1332-1323 BCE. Became pharaoh at about 8/9 years old

who was Ramesses II?

King of the New Kingdom from 1279-1213. known as the greatest and most powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom. He built great monuments, lead successful military campaigns, and signed a peace treaty

what is a post and lintel system?

simple building system where vertical supports (posts) hold up a strong horizontal element (lintel) to span open spaces and support roofs or weight above

what is a colonnade, hypostyle hall, pylon, and an obelisk?

• colonnade - long sequence of regularly spaced columns that typically support a roof

• hypostyle hall - a large interior room with a roof held up by rows of columns

• pylon - a monumental gateway at the entrance of a temple, consisting of two tapering, tower-like structures joined by a lower central portal

• obelisk - tall, four-sided stone monument that tapers as it rises and ends in a small pyramid-shaped top