Population Notes

Vocabulary flashcards covering population density, distribution, and the impact of population on housing and the environment.

Population Density

A measure of total population relative to land area.

Arithmetic Density

A type of population density measured as $\text{people} / \text{land area}$.

Physiological Density

A type of population density measured as $\text{people} / \text{arable land}$.

Agricultural Density

A type of population density measured as $\text{farmers} / \text{arable land}$.

Population Distribution

The description of locations on the Earth's surface where individuals or groups live.

Economic Development

• influences where governments and companies build infrastructure and businesses

• High population density often means more services

Infrastructure

Essential public systems and services required by a population, including water, gas, electricity, trash, transit, and public services.

Political impacts

• census determine stats in government

• in the US representatives and electoral college votes

Environmental impacts

• air quality

• carrying capacity

Human Well-Being

access to healthcare, more public services, and access to resources

Population composition

Concerned with gender and age distribution within a country region or place

Charts shaped like pyramids…

Infant mortality rates, high shorter life expectancy. Wide base

charts shaped like lopsided vases…

population is aging, TFR is declining, pyramids look almost even.

Aging populations

To replace the population, the total fertility rate must be 2.1

Dependency ratio

Number of dependents to non-dependents

Longer life expectancy..

Typically means higher rates of disease

Impacts of aging populations

Lower tfr, longer life expectancies, age selective migration

how can government policies impact population change?

Expensive population policies: encourages population growth

Eugenic population policies: favors one racial cultural group over others

Restrictive population policies: range from tolerating and approved group to outright prohibiting, large facilities

Woman’s rights and empowerment decreases TFR because

Access to healthcare and contraception

Access to education and employment change for fertility rate

Increase political roles in freedom for women changing policies

Crude birth rate CBR

Average number of births per year per 1000 people

Crude death rate CDR

Average number of deaths per year per 1000 people

What makes populations fall?

Cdr and infant mortality rate: infant deaths within the first year of life per 1000 live births

How to calculate the rate of natural increase

CBR minus CDR divided by 10

Malthus theory

A theory that population growing will stop us from getting the food we need if our population is big

Push factors

Factors that push you out of a place

Pull

Factors that pull you into moving into a place

Economic factors

Lack of job/economic opportunity

Social factors

Discrimination/persecution

Political factors

Opposition against policies of a government

Environmental factors

Escape from natural disasters

Intervening obstacles

barriers that make reaching your desired area, more difficult to move

Force migration

Slavery, displaced people in refugees, internally, displaced person, asylum, seeker, and refugees

Refugee

Someone who’s been forced to migrate to another country to avoid the effects of war, violations of human rights, or other disasters because of fear of persecution

Internally displaced person IDP

Someone who’s been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee, but hasn’t gone through international migration

asylum seeker

Someone who migrated to another country and hope of being known as a refugee this is voluntary migration

Transnational migration

People go back-and-forth between places

Transhumance

Seasonal migration

Rural to urban migration

Evident both within countries & between them

Ecumene

Areas of earth that humans consider too harsh for occupancy

Rural

Less populated

Urban

Highly populated

Counterirbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas

DTM

A model that shows the process of change in a society’s population from high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase and higher total population. It has four stages.

Four stages are..?

Stage one low growth, stage two high growth, stage three decreasing growth and stage four low growth

Why does Industrial Revolution have a role in dtm

Stage 2 because it gave major improvements and manufacturing goods and deliver delivering them to the market, this made a huge amount of wealth

Stage one

High birth rates: Children, die young, needed for farming, no family planning

High death rate: disease, famine, and poor medical knowledge

Under 45 years

6.5+ children per woman

Farming pre-industrial full jobs

Stage two

Rapidly declining, death rate, better medical care and water and sanitation

45 to 55 years

5 to 6.5 children

Mostly farming jobs with early industry

Stage three

Rapidly, declining birth rate: move to cities, children not needed to work/farm

55 to 65 years

3.5 to 5 children

A mix of farming jobs and industry jobs

Stage four

Low birth rate: family planning, educated woman, delayed marriages

Low death: good healthcare, reliable food, healthier citizens

65 to 75 years

2 to 3.5 children

Fully industrial jobs, few farmers service industry

Stage five

Low birth rate: falls below the death rate

Low death rate: can get higher due to an ageing population

75 years

Less than two children per woman

Service industry and mass consumers

Unauthorized immigrants

Immigrants who migrate without proper documents this is illegal immigration