functional groups and pKas bitch

CH4

methane

ethane

propane

butane

pentane

hexane

methyl

ethyl

propyl

isopropyl

butyl

pentyl

hexyl

cyclohexane

cyclopentane

cyclobutane

cyclopropane

alkene

alkyne

R = H or C

alcohol

R = H or C, X = F, Cl Br, I

alkyl halide

epoxide

vinyl group

allyl group

ether

aldehyde

ketone

carboxylic acid

R - alkyl

ester

amide

pKa of HCl

-8

pKa of H₂SO₄ (there’s 2)

-3, 1.99

pKa of H₃O⁺

-1.7

pKa of H₂O

15.7

pKa of NH₃

35

pKa of NH₄⁺

9.2

pKa of

4.76

pKa of

16

pKa of

51

pKa of

44

pKa of

24

pKa of

19

pKa of

43

if you make a bond energy is…

released

if you break a bond energy is…

absorbed

each atom gets its electron back

homolytic bond cleavage

the # of pi bonds and/or rings in a structure (calculate by [2C + N - X - H +2]/2)

degrees of unsaturation

hydrogens on either side of the double bond will point in opposite direction

trans double bond

hydrogens on either side of double bond will point in same direction

cis double bond

accepts electrons

lewis acid

electron donor

lewis base

electronegativity differences between sigma bonds

inductive effects

has electron density and will “attack”

nucleophile

lacks electron density and will gladly accept nbep

electrophile

occurs when bonds are rotated

conformational isomers

changing the order of atoms; different connectivity

constitutional isomers

same atoms, same connectivity, but is a stereoisomer (wedges change to dashes and vice versa)

configurational isomers