Biochem

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49 Terms

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Organic molecule
A carbon-containing molecule; organic compounds commonly contain carbon bonded to hydrogen.
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Hydrocarbon
A compound made only of carbon and hydrogen.
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Alkane
A hydrocarbon with only single carbon-carbon bonds.
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Alkene
A hydrocarbon with at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
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Alkyne
A hydrocarbon with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
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Functional group
A group of atoms that gives a molecule characteristic chemical properties and reactions.
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Hydroxyl group
-OH; an oxygen bonded to a hydrogen.
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Alcohol
A compound with an -OH group attached to a carbon.
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Carbonyl group
C=O; a carbon double-bonded to oxygen.
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Carboxyl group
-COOH; a carbonyl and hydroxyl group on the same carbon.
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Carboxylic acid
A compound containing a -COOH group.
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Aldehyde
A compound with a carbonyl group at the end of a chain and a hydrogen attached to the carbonyl carbon.
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Ketone
A compound with a carbonyl carbon attached to two other carbons.
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Ester
C(=O)-O-C; a carbonyl connected to another carbon through oxygen.
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Ether
C-O-C; an oxygen single-bonded to two carbon groups.
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Amine
An organic compound containing nitrogen, often with an -NH2 group.
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Amino group
-NH2; a nitrogen-containing group found in amino acids and other organic compounds.
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Phosphate group
A phosphorus-and-oxygen-containing group important in ATP and DNA.
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Sulfhydryl group
-SH; a sulfur atom bonded to hydrogen.
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Methyl group
-CH3; a one-carbon branch.
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Ethyl group
-CH2CH3; a two-carbon branch.
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Parent chain / main chain
The longest continuous carbon chain used as the parent chain when naming a compound.
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Branch / side group / substituent
A group attached to the main carbon chain.
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Locant
A number that identifies the position of a bond or branch.
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Molecular formula
A formula showing the number of each type of atom, such as C3H8.
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Condensed structural formula
A formula showing connected groups of atoms, such as CH3CH2CH3.
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Structural formula
A formula showing how atoms are connected by bonds.
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IUPAC name
The systematic name of a chemical compound.
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Meth-
Prefix for 1 carbon.
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Eth-
Prefix for 2 carbons.
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Prop-
Prefix for 3 carbons.
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But-
Prefix for 4 carbons.
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Pent-
Prefix for 5 carbons.
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Hex-
Prefix for 6 carbons.
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Hept-
Prefix for 7 carbons.
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Oct-
Prefix for 8 carbons.
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Non-
Prefix for 9 carbons.
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Dec-
Prefix for 10 carbons.
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-ane
Ending for carbon chains with only single carbon-carbon bonds.
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-ene
Ending for a carbon chain with a double bond.
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-yne
Ending for a carbon chain with a triple bond.
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-diene
Ending for a compound with two carbon-carbon double bonds.
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Cyclo-
Prefix meaning the carbon chain forms a ring.
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Benzene
A six-carbon ring with alternating bonding, often drawn as a hexagon with a circle.
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Trimethyl
Three methyl groups attached to a parent structure.
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Diethyl
Two ethyl groups attached to a parent structure.
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Numbering a parent chain
Number the chain to give branches or bonds the lowest possible position numbers, following naming rules.
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2-methylpentane
A five-carbon parent chain with a methyl group attached to carbon 2.
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3-ethylpentane
A five-carbon parent chain with an ethyl group attached to carbon 3, assuming the longest chain remains five carbons.