functional anatomy midterm

Chemical

atoms and molecules

Cellular

cells and their organelles

Tissue

groups of similar cells

Organ

two or more types of tissues

Organ System

organs working closely together

Organisim

all organ systems combined to make the human

anatomical position

Body standing erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body

anterior

front

posterior

back

superior

above

inferior

below

cephalic

toward the head

caudal

toward the feet

ventral

Toward the belly

dorsal

toward the back

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

intermediate

between medial and lateral

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

away from the point of attachment

saggital plane

divides the body into a right and left side

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

parasaggital plane

separates the body into unequal right and left halves

how are the movements in the saggital plane

front to back movements

frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

how are the movements in the frontal plane

side to side

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

how are the movements in the transverse plane

rotational or turning movements

epithilial tissue

a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

Covering and lining epithelium

Forms outer layer of skin, lines open cavities, and covers walls and organs

Glandular epithelium

Forms glands of the body

Main functions of epithelial tissue

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Function: acts as a connector between bones and muscles;
Cells: Fibroblasts, very few cells, poorly vascularized;
Fibers: Closely packed bundles of thick collagen fibers run parallel to direction of pull;
Location: tendons and ligaments;
very little ground substance

Dense irregular connective tissue

Function: Resists tension and pulling forces from multiple directions and provides structural strength;
Cells: Fibroblasts, poorly vascularized;
Fibers: Thick collagen fibers arranged irregularly, sheets;
Location: Dermis, fibrous joint capsules, fibrous coverings of some organs

elastic connective tissue

Function: Allow stretch and recoil of tissue;
Cells: Elastic and collagen;
Fibers: elastic fibers;
Location: arteries
- very little ground substance

hyaline cartilage

Function: provides smooth surfaces for joint movement;
Cells: chondrocytes;
Fibers: collagen;
Location: tips of long bones, nose, trachea, laranyx and cartilage of ribs

elastic cartilage

Function: provides flexible support;
Cells: chondrocytes;
Fibers: elastic fibers;
Location: ears and epiglottis

Fibrocartilage

Function: provides support and protection;
Cells: chondrocytes;
Fibers: collagen fibers;
Location: intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, knee

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Attached to and causes movement of bones

Appear striated or banded

nervous tissue

Regulates and controls body functions. Made up of dendrites and axons

long bones

Longer than wide with a medullary cavity extending the length of the

shaft

Ex: most limb bones

short bones

Cube-shaped bones

Ex: wrist and ankle bones

Flat Bones

Thin, flat, slightly curved

Ex: sternum, ribs, most cranial bones

Irregular Bones

Complicated shapes

Ex: vertebrae and hip bones

Compact Bone

dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid

Spongy Bone

made up of honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae

Periosteum

covers outside of compact bone surfaces except joint; fibrous layer- outer layer consisting of dense irregular connective tissue consisting of sharpey’s fibers that secure to bone matrix; osteogenic layer- inner layer abutting bone and contains primitive osteogenic stem cells that gives rise to most all bone cells

Endosteum

covers inside portion of compact bone; delicate connective tissue; covers trabeculae of spongy bone; lines canals that pass through compact bone; like periosteum, contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells

osteogenic cells

also called osteoprogenitor cells; mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum; differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells

osteoblasts

bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid; osteoid is made up of collagen and calcium binding proteins; collagen makes up 90% of bone protein; actively mitotic

osteocytes

mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide; maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors; respond to mechanical stimuli such as increased force on bone or weightlessness; communicate information to osteoblasts and osteoclasts to control bone remodeling process

bone lining cells

flat cells on bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix (along with osteocytes)

osteoclasts

derived from same hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages; giant, multinucleate cells function in bone resorption (breakdown); cells have ruffled borders to increase surface area for enzyme degradation of bone

osteon

structural unit of compact bone; elongated cylinders that run parallel to the long axis of the bone; consists of several rings of bone matrix called lamellae- collagen fibers that run in different directions in adjacent rings, withstands stress and resists twisting

central canal- osteon

runs through core of osteon, contains blood vessels and nerves

perforating canals- osteon

run at right angles to central canal, connects central canal and cavities

lacunae- osteon

cavities that contain osteocytes

interstitial lamellae- compact bone

not part of osteon, fills the gaps in between

circumferential lamellae- compact bone

layers of lamellae extended around entire surface of diaphysis

organization of spongy bone

appears to be poorly organized, but is actually well organized along stress lines to help bone resist stress; trabeculae confer strength to bone- no osteons present, but lamellae is irregularly arranged and osteocytes are interconnected by canaliculi; capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients

axial skeleton components

skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, rib cage

axial skeleton function

support, protection of vital organs, movement, support framework of body, support posture, surfaces for muscle attachment

pectoral girdle

clavicle and scapula

pelvic girdle

femur and coxal bones

scoliosis

abnormal sideways curvature of the spine

kyphosis

abnormal thoracic curvature

lordosis

abnormal lumbar curvature

fibrous joints

bones are held together by dense fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity; most are immovable, depending on length of tissue fibers; sutures, syndesmoses, gomphosis

sutures- fibrous joints

interlocking joints of skull, immovable

syndesmoses- fibrous joints

bones connected by ligaments, movement based on length of fibers; ex- radioulnar, tibiofibular

gomphoses- fibrous joints

peg in socket joints of teeth; ex- tooth held in socket by periodontal ligament

cartilagenous joints

bones held together by cartilage; no joint cavity; not highly moveable; synchondroses and symphyses

synchondrosis- cartilagenous joints

united with a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage; almost all are immovable; ex- epiphyseal plate, first sternocostal

symphysis- cartilagenous joint

unite bone with fibrocartilage; very strong, but amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable); ex- pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc

synovial joints

separate bones with a fluid filled cavity (synovial cavity); all are diarthrotic (freely-moveable); include almost all limb joints; share general features, bursae and tendon sheaths, varying stability, allow for several types of movements, classified into six different shapes

articular cartilage- synovial joints

hyaline cartilage covering bone ends

synovial cavity- synovial joints

small, fluid filled space unique to synovial joints

articular capsule- synovial joint

two layers of connective tissue that make synovial fluid

synovial fluid- synovial joints

viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid that lubricates cartilage

reinforcing ligaments- synovial joints

capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular

nerves and blood vessels- synovial joints

nerves detect pain and monitor joint position, blood vessels supply nutrients and filtrate for synovial fluid

bursae

bags of synovial fluid that act as lubricating “ball bearing”; reducing friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

tendon sheaths

elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons that are subject to friction

gliding movements- synovial joint

one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface; intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, between articular processes of vertebrae

angular movements- synovial joints

increase or decrease the angle between two bones; movement occur along the sagittal plane- flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

rotational movements- synovial joints

turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it; lateral and medial

special movements of the upper limb

supination- palms face anteriorly; pronation- palms face posteriorly; opposition- movement of thumb

special movements of feet

dorsiflexion- bending foot towards shin; plantar flexion- pointing toes; inversion- sole of foot faces medially; eversion- sole of foot faces laterally

special movements in planes

elevation- lifting body part superiorly; depression- lowering body part; protraction- movement in lateral plane; retraction- movement in lateral plane