communications midterm chapter notes

ch1 horizontal information seeking

skimming thru info

ch1 decision paralysis:

inability to make a choice

ch1 linear communication model

message is moved down along line

ch1 interactive communication model

same as linear but has way for delayed feedback, in the reverse order .

ch1 communications model

linear

interactive

transactional

ch 1 transactional model

instantaneous feedback

ch 6. informative goal

provide new data/details

ch 6 perusuaive goal

influence or change an audiences stance

ch 6 ceeremonial role

entertain, delivered during special occasions.

ch 2 communication apprehension

anxiety of fear of anticipaiting speech

ch2 trait anxiety

anxiety caused by persons persnality/physical makeup

ch2 situational anxiety

anxiety from situational factors

ch 2habituation

decrease in anxiety after starting event

ch2sensitation

increase in anxiety after starting event

ch2reasons for anziety in speaking

fear of failure, judgement, lack of preperation, lack of experience

ch2systemic desensitation

exposuure therapy

ch 2visualization

imagine doing speech successfully to reduce stress

ch2mental contrasting

imagining end goal and any obstacles along the way

ch2 coginitive restructuring

replace negative thoughts with positive ones

fisher's concept of rationality

does a story have coherence and fidelity

Narrative Paradigm

-humans are storytellers

• make decisions on what stories we know and believe about the situation

-we evaluate stories based of coherence and fidelity

ch7 fidelity

a person's perceptions of the story and how it fits into their world understanding

ch7 neural coupling

storytellers and audience brains engage in synchronous activity

ch 7 types of narractives

brief and extended

ch 7 ways to use stoires

the presentation, attention getter,establosihing relevance, establishing credibiilty, creating rapport. supporting evidene

ch7 story model

how the different components influence how a listener or audience will evaluate a given story

ch 7 certainty principles

connected to story model

-certainty connected to coverage and coherence

ch 7coverage

amount of evidence that supports a story

coherence ch 7

a story having all the parts of a story.

in the story model it is based on consistency, plausibility, completeness

consitency, plausibilty, completness ch 7

consitency :a story does not contradict itself

plausibity: based a person knowledge and understanding of the the world

(is this possible?)

novelty ch7

unexpected nature of a story

ch5 fake news

fabricated info that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent

7 types of misinformation ch5

-fabricated content: 100% fake

-satire/parody: a joke

-misleading content: content is in inaccurate and tries to manipulate audience

-imposter content: real sources are impersonated

-false connection: headline does not support content

-false context: legitimate content is hared with false contenxt

-manipulated content: real info/images is manipulated

authority ch5

perceived expertise and credibility of presenter

subject expertise ch5

scholarship of information(how much they know)

expert opinion ch5

opinion/claim of an professional in the field

lay opinion ch5

testimony of someone with direct experience

psychographics ch4

varibles related to an individuals interest attitudes, and opinions

values ch4

deeply held general beliefs that influence how we do things

attitudes ch4

more specific than values. persons assessment of a specific thing or idea

favorable audience ch4

audience thta already supports and agrees with your ideas

neutral audience

an audience lacking strong feelings for or against the topic of a speech

may be unfamiliar with topic

hostile audience ch4

activly disagrees with you

homogeneous audeince ch4

audeince meembers are very similar on key demographics and psycolgical variables

heterogeneous ch4

lots of differences in demographics and psycogical variables.

conducting assessment ch4

-interviews

-surveys and polling

-observation

-informal conversation

-internet research

ch 8types of informative speeches

speech of awareness

speech of demonstration(how to)

speech of explanation

ch 84 steps of speech of demonstarion

1) explain expertise of speaker

2) encourage audience

3) describe end goal

4) address prerequisites

5)outline the procedures(in a minimalist way)

4) describe things to avoid

ch 8obstacles of a speech of explanation

1) difficulty understanding the definition of a concept or term

2) difficulty understanding a phenomenon, structure, or process

3) difficulty understanding phenomena that are hard to believe.

ch 8how to teach difficulty understanding a definition of a concept or term

elucidating explanations

-provide definition, address associated meanings

-provide examples

-provide nonexamples

ch 8how to teach difficulty understanding a phenomenon, structure, or process

quasi scientific explanations

-help explain complex structures and proceses

-help audience understand important features

- help organize info in ways so audeince can see relations and keep track of parts.

ch 8quasi sicentify explanrtation tools

-metaphor analogies

-use clear organizational strucute

-visual aids

-use repition

-use transistions

ch 8how to teach hard to believe phenomena

use transformative explanation

-state lay thepory

-acknowledge reasonablness of lay theroery

-show what is wrong with lay theory

-explain scienctific posistion

differnece btwn hearing and listening

hearing is take in noise

listening is paying attention

types of listening

appreciative listening; for fun

empathic listening: listen to support a person(be there for them)

comprehensive: gain knowledge

critical listening: start as comprehensive then chose to agree/disagree

general purpose

is purpose of speech to inform or persuade

specific purpose

a single phrase that says what speaker wants to do in speeh

causes of bad listening

no concentration. jump to conclusion, listening too hard, focus on delivery/apperance

how to be good listener

take it seriously

be active listener

suspend judgement

good note taking

resist distraction

do not be diverted by delivery/apperance

focus listening on main points/evidence, technique

a different approach to informative speeches

speeches about objects

speeches about processes

speeches about events

speeches about concepts

richness of communication mediums

capacity for immediate feedback

capacity to transmit multiple cues(tone for example

language variety: multiple types of nonverbal and verbal communication(informal and formal talking)

capacity for medium to have person focus: rich medium allows for emotions by all participants in communication