erth203

Asymmetry of overdetermination

The past is overdetermined by observations, but the future is underdetermined by observations

historical science

Scientific work that attempts to explain natural processes and events in the unobservable past by examining data in the present.

experimental science

Science that begins with and depends on careful experiments and measurements

pattern

data facts observations, like ball fell, ball burning, EVOLUTION

Process

cause and effects, gravitation, oxidation, germs, NATURAL SELECTION,

evolution and natsel. which is which? process and pattern

evolution is a pattern because we observe how things evolved. natural selection is process because its the mechanics of how evoluton happens

Scientific Method Steps

Ask question, observe pattern, formulate hypothesis, make predictions if hypothesis correct, test hypothesis, return

hypothesis

A testable prediction,

theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data

law

mathematical descriptions of a process that is universally observed. they dont explain jsut predict

fossil?

Any trace of past life, any preserved remains of

Tephonomy

study of decompositoon

Prime conditions for fossils

low oxygen, low activity, depositional context(high sedimentation means fast bural)

Fossil types

original material, permineralization, recrystalization, replacement, carbonization

original material

no changes cus original strong structure

permineralization

Mineral matter gets into pores of hard parts like bones

Recrystalization

when the original minerals of a skeleton are replaced by more stable minerals, like apatite being replaced with calcite

Replacement

Different type of material replaces original hard parts

carbonization

Process of fossilization wherein the original organic material in a fossil has been reduced to a film of carbon looking like a black drawing

trace fossil

Evidence of life but no actul hard or soft part of organism is preserved

Articulation

elements of fossil are assoicated w eachother in form

lithosphere

A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.

Asthenosphere

The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats.

convergent plate boundary

A tectonic plate boundary where two plates collide, come together, or crash into each other.

divergent plate boundary

where two plates are moving apart, magma comes up to create new crust

transform plate boundary

Boundary between two plates that are sliding past each other.

different types of rocks

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

igneous rock

a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface

metamorphic rock

A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

sedimentary rock

A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together

extrusive

Igneous rock that forms from lava cooling fast on Earth's surface

intrusive

Igneous rock that forms when lava cools slowly beneath Earth's surface.

mafic

describes igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron and that is generally dark in color

Felsic

Describes igneous rock that is rich in silica and that is generally light in color.