PSL 310 Unit 1: Paracrine Communication and Inflammation

What is triggered by an invasion of pathogens?

Release of mast cells, macrophages, and then neutrophils

Mast cell

White blood cell in skin

Macrophage

Large white blood cell that persist in response

Neutrophil

Short-lived, fast acting white blood cell

What do neutrophils release?

Cytokines

What do mast cells do?

Degranulate and release chemicals

Degranulation

Exocytosis

What do mast cells release?

Histamine, heparin, prostaglandins

What do macrophages do?

Phagocytoses bacteria

What do macrophages release?

Chemokines, prostaglandins, cytokines

What are the types of cytokines?

Interleukins (ILs) and chemokines

Function of interleukins (IL)

Increase white blood cell communication

Function of chemokines

Positive chemotaxis, diapedesis

Positive chemotaxis

Increased movement of white blood cells to site of infection

Function of histamines

Increased vasodilation and vascular permeability

Function of prostaglandins

Increased vasodilation and vascular permeability

Function of heparin

anticoagulant to prevent clotting of plasma leakage

What process does histamine and PGs facilitate?

Diapedesis

Diapedesis

Neutrophils crawl out of bloodstream to the site of infection through breaking of endothelial cells

What do endothelial cells release?

Bradykinin

Function of bradykinin

Increase vascular permeability, NO VASODILATION

Rubor

Redness

Calor

Heat

Dolor

Pain

Tumor

Swelling

What increases calor and how?

Histamine and PGs through increased vasodilation, lots of metabolic activity

What increases rubor and how?

Histamine and PGs through increased vasodilation

What increases dolor and how?

Histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins; histamine increases vascular permeability to allow more tumor which presses on nerve fibers and causes pain (stimulates nociceptors), prostaglandins stimulates pain neurons and increases sensitivity, bradykinin does both

What increases tumor and how?

Histamine, PGs, and cytokines; histamine and PGs through increased vascular permeability and cytokines through side effect of increased vasodilation and increased vascular permeability