Skull, Meninges, Brain, Cranial Nerves Practice Qs

CN II

Vision

CN III

Eye, pupil, and eyelid movement

CN IV

Eye movement - down and out

CN VI

Eye movement - side eye

CN VIII

Hearing & balance

CN XI

Shoulder shrugging & neck muscles

CN I

Smell

CN V

Chewing & sensation on scalp and teeth

CN VII

Muscles of facial expression, tear production, sensory to anterior tongue (taste)

CN IX

Swallowing and taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue

CN X

Sensation to larynx, pharynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera, motor to larynx & pharynx, PNS to hear, lungs, abdominal viscera

CN XII

Tongue movement, speech, swallowing, prevention from biting tongue

CSF is produced in the ______ of the _______ _________.

choroid plexus, lateral ventricle

After being produced, CSF flows through the __________ _______ to the ___ ________.

interventricular foramina, 3rd ventricle

More CSF is produced in the 3rd ventricle and flows down the ________ _______ to the ___ ________.

Cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle

Even more CSF is produced in the 4th ventricle and flows out of the two ______ and one ______ _________.

lateral, median aperatures

CSF fills the _____________ space, at ___________ ____, CFS is reabsorbed into the _______ ______.

subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi, venous sinuses

Which meningeal layer is directly attached to the surface of the brain?

Pia mater

Which gyrus contains the primary motor cortex?

Precentral gyrus

Which cranial nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye?

Abducens (CN VI)

Parts of the brain stem

midbrain, pons, medulla (oblongata)

Which cranial nerve controls the superior oblique muscle of the eye?

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

Which brain lobe is most associated with processing visual information?

Occiptal

Which structure produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Choroid plexus

Which modification of the dura mater separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

Falx cerebri

Which modification of the dura mater separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

Tentorium cerebelli

Which brain structure is most associated with regulating homeostasis?

Hypothalamus

separates the two cerebellar hemispheres in the posterior cranial fossa of the brain

Falx cerebelli

Which brain region is primarily associated with planning, decision-making, and executive functions?

Prefrontal cortex

Which structures allow CSF to be reabsorbed into the venous circulation?

Arachnoid granulations

Which arteries contribute to the formation of the basilar artery?

Vertebral arteries

Which artery supplies a large portion of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere?

Middle cerebral artery

Which artery primarily supplies the occipital lobe, including the primary visual cortex?

Posterior cerebral artery

What is the main function of the dural venous sinuses?

Drain deoxygenated blood from the brain

Which inner ear structures are primarily associated with detecting rotational movements of the head?

Semicircular canals

A patient suffers a stroke w/ paralysis on R side of the body, tests show intracerebral hemorrhage has interrupted the blood supply to the posterior part of the frontal, the parietal and medial portions of the temporal lobes, of the left hemisphere. Which vessel was involved?

Middle cerebral artery

The middle cerebral artery supplies blood to most of the _____ surface of the cerebral hemispheres, including much of the _____ lobes.

lateral, temporal

The anterior cerebral artery supplies the _____ and ______ surfaces of the brain.

medial, superior

The posterior cerebral artery supplies the ______ surface of the brain.

inferior

The middle meningeal artery supplies blood to the

dura mater

A patient is diagnosed with an acoustic neuroma (a tumor of the VIIIth cranial nerve) where it enters the temporal bone. What other cranial nerve might also be affected, since this nerve uses the same foramen as the VIIIth?

Facial nerve

What are cranial nerves VII and VIII? What foramen do they both travel through?

Facial and Vestibulocochlear nerves, internal acoustic meatus

Which cranial nerves cross through the superior orbital fissure? (4)

Abducens (VI), Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), and the Ophthalmic division (V1) of the Trigeminal

Which cranial nerves leave through the jugular foramen? (3)

Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Spinal Accessory (XI)

The three divisions of the trigeminal nerve all leave through different foramina, V1 the Ophthalmic division exits through...

superior orbital fissure

The three divisions of the trigeminal nerve all leave through different foramina, V2 the Maxillary division exits through...

Foramen rotundum

The three divisions of the trigeminal nerve all leave through different foramina, V3 the Mandibular division exits through...

Foramen ovale

Infections may spread from the nasal cavity along the olfactory nerves as they pass from the mucosa of the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulb via the:

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid

The crista galli is a ridge on the ethmoid bone between the two sides of the cribriform plate. It provides an anchor for the

Falx cerebri

Suture that divides the frontal and parietal bones

Coronal suture

Suture that divides the two parietal bones

sagittal suture

Suture that divides the parietal bones from the occipital bone

Lambdoid

The lambdoid suture is found where on the skull?

across the upper posterior skull, dividing the parietal bones from the occipital bone

What is the pterion?

It is the meeting place for the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones

What is the significance of the pterion?

It is a weak spot due to the thinness, with the Middle Meningeal Artery below, and is susceptible to injury!

This area is susceptible to injury because it is the thin junction point of 4 bones on the lateral skull. Name this junction and the structure below it that makes it a high risk area of injury.

The pterion, the middle meningeal artery

The the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones come together at the

Pterion

What do the occipital condyles articulate with? And what does this form?

They articulate with the articular facets of C1 (Atlas). This forms the atlanto-occipital joint.

The atlanto-occiptal joint is the articulation of

the occipital condyles with the articular facets of the atlas (C1)

What runs through the carotid canal?

Internal carotid a.

The carotid canal is found in

petrous part of the temporal bone

The part of the mandible sup[erior/posterior to the angle is the

ramus

The foramen on the lateral anterior body of the mandible is the

Mental foramen

What does joint is the mandible help form?

Temporomandibular

The temporomandibular joint is what type of joint?

Gliding hinge

What is the primary function of the meninges?

Protect the brain & spinal cord from mechanical injury

What are the three layers of the cranial meninges, from superficial to deep?

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

What meningeal space contains cerebrospinal fluid?

Sub-arachnoid space

CSF flow: Lateral ventricles --> _________ __________ --> third ventricle --> ________ _________ --> fourth ventricle --> ____ & ____ ______--> ________ ____ --> reabsorption into dural venous sinuses

interventricular foramina, cerebral aqueduct, median & lateral apertures, subarachnoid space

From the 4th ventricle, CSF goes through the ____ & ____ ______ to the subarachnoid space where _______ _________ reabsorb it into the ____ ____ ______.

median & lateral ventricles, arachnoid granulations, dural venous sinuses

The internal carotid artery splits off in the carotid triangle. It goes up through the ______ ____ of the skull and joins the circle of willis between the _______ & ______ __________ arteries which connect to it. It's continuation straight out laterally after those two connect to it is then the _____ ______ artery.

carotid canal, posterior & anterior communicating, middle cerebral

A 22-year-old male is brought to the emergency department after being struck on the lateral side of his head during a sporting event. Imaging reveals a fracture near the junction of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones. A collection of blood has developed between the skull and dura mater. The physician suspects injury to an artery running deep to this vulnerable region.

Which artery was most likely injured?

Middle cerebral artery

A 35-year-old female experiences facial trauma after falling forward onto a hard surface. Following the injury, she reports that she can no longer detect familiar odors. Imaging reveals damage to a thin portion of the anterior cranial floor near the nasal cavity. The physician suspects disruption of the pathway carrying olfactory nerve fibers.

Which structure was most likely damaged?

Cribiform plate

Foramen rotundum transmits the

maxillary division of CN V

The optic canal transmits

CN II

The superior orbital fissure transmits

CN III, IV, V1, and VI.

A 42-year-old patient undergoes surgery to remove a mass near the midline of the cranial cavity. During the procedure, the surgeon identifies a vertical fold of dura mater separating the right and left cerebral hemispheres. This structure attaches anteriorly to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone.

Which structure is being described?

Falx cerebri

The falx cerebri extends into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres and attaches anteriorly to the ____ ____

crista galli

Crista galli

the thick midline of the ethmoid bone that creates a division between the cribiform plates is called

A patient presents with worsening headaches and signs of increased intracranial pressure. Imaging reveals enlargement of both lateral ventricles and the third ventricle, while the fourth ventricle remains normal in size. The physician suspects an obstruction preventing CSF from passing between the third and fourth ventricles.

Which structure is most likely obstructed?

Cerebral aqueduct

The more obvious-looking sulcus from an intact side view of the brain outlining the superior border of the temporal lobe

lateral sulcus

Posterior from the central sulcus is the _________ ____ and the _____ _____.

postcentral gyrus, parietal lobe

This sulcus can be most clearly seen from the midsagittal view

parieto-occipital sulcus

4 parts of the diencephalon

›Thalamus (2 lobes, largest part)

›Hypothalamus - connected to the pituitary stalk

›Epithalamus - includes the pineal gland

> Subthalamus

Part of the diencephalon that includes the pineal gland

Epithalamus

Part of the diencephalon connected to the pituitary stalk

Hypothalamus

The space between the thalamic lobes is the

3rd ventricle

Lobes of the brain

Frontal, Parietal, Limbic, Temporal, Occipital

The limbic lobe is found between... and only seen in...

corpus callosum and the frontal & parietal lobes, midsagittal view

Primary Motor Cortex - Control of gross motor (voluntary) to the limbs and trunk

Precentral gyrus

Primary Somatosensory Cortex - All sensory to cortex from body

Postcentral gyrus

Part of the pons, carries information between the cerebellum and brainstem

Paired-Cerebellar Peduncles

What part of the brainstem are the olives and pyramids found? What are the crosses between the pyramids where tracts switch sides called?

Medulla, decussation of pyramids

The central region (superior & inferior) of the cerebellum

Vermis

Division of anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum

Primary fissure

Structures associated with hypothalamus

Pituitary Stalk and Gland

Optic Chiasm

Mamillary bodies

This mixed nerve provides sensation of the posterior third of the tongue, pharynx, and middle ear cavity, and motor to one swallowing muscle. Name, number, and what foramen does it exit from?

9 Glossopharyngeal IX, exits through Jugular foramen (along with X & XI)

The inferior sagittal sinus -> _______ sinus -> _______ sinus -> sigmoid sinus -> Jugular vein

straight, transverse

The internal carotid artery is the most common place for atherosclerosis. Therefore 85% of the time a clot would acclude the _____ ______ artery, causing _____ deficit in the ____ _______.

middle cerebral, motor, upper extremity

This efferent cranial nerve controls eye movement (superior oblique muscle)- name, number, foramen

4 Trochlear IV, exits Superior orbital fissure (along with III, V1, VI