PSYCH 160 FINAL KONDRAD

Which research strategy involves extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group?

case study

Sara contracted rubella (German measles) in the eleventh week of her pregnancy. Emily contracted rubella during the thirtieth week of her pregnancy. The difference in the way rubella would affect an unborn child at these two times is an example of __________.

a critical period

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called __________.

classical conditioning

Which of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological levels provides the connections between the various aspects of a person's life?

mesosystem

Piaget's two basic principles of growth in children's understanding of the world are __________.

assimilation and acommodation

What did Jean Piaget call the process by which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development?

assimilation

Freud believed that the ego __________.

acts as a buffer between the desires of the id and the constraints of the real world

A developmental psychologist whose research focus is the human body's capacities and limitations is interested in __________ development.

physical

Jose and Maria are preparing for the arrival of their first child, and are considering moving from their small rural town to a larger city to gain greater access to social services, better schools, and a variety of entertainment options. This is an example of which of Bronfenbrenner's five bioecological levels?

exosystem

In Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the latency stage spans the majority of time children spend in elementary school. This stage is characterized by __________.

lack of concerns related to sexuality

__________ is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones

behavior modification

Which learning approach emphasizes the importance of modeling?

social-cognitive learning

A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a(n) __________.

cohort

Which factor may cause preterm births?

a father's age

Huela talks to her physician about assessing the health of her unborn child. The physician recommends a test that combines a blood test and ultrasound sonography. Which procedure did the physician recommend?

first-trimester screening

Which process accounts for the replication of most types of cells, resulting in nearly all the cells in the body containing the same 46 chromosomes as the zygote?

mitosis

What is the fundamental factor that determines the sex of a child?

a man's sperm

Which term is used to refer to an observable trait?

phenotype

Which hormone in males do some scientists speculate may lead to differences in male and female brain structure, and later variations in gender-related behavior?

androgen

During the final part of the first stage of labor, contractions increase to their greatest intensity. What is this period known as?

transition

Which term refers to studying the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics and behavior?

behavioral genetics

Which organ provides nourishment and oxygen to a developing fetus via the umbilical cord?

placenta

Kevin has a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of his malformed red blood cells. What disorder does Kevin have?

sickle-cell anemia

Abner and Deidre's baby was considered preterm. What must be true to warrant this classification?

the baby was born prior to 38 weeks after conception

What is a doula?

a person well versed in birthing alternatives who provides support to the mother

What is a teratogen?

an environmental factor that produces birth defects

What is one significant reason for the advances in fine motor skills shown by children 6 to 8 years old?

The amount of myelin in the brain increases to protect, insulate, and surround neurons.

Which reflex allows an infant to turn its head toward things that touch its cheek?

rooting reflex

Which term refers to the visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve a person's sex organs?

secondary sex characteristics

Which term refers to speech that deviates so much from the speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or produces maladjustment in the speaker?

speech impairment

At approximately what age should a child first be able to manipulate objects with almost as much capability as an adult?

11 to 12 years old

Natasha is just over 8 months old. Which skill is she likely to begin demonstrating?

crawling

Ivanhoe has difficulty hearing but also has a problem identifying the direction and origin of a sound. What function is Ivanhoe having trouble with?

sound localization

Which area of the brain undergoes considerable development during the adolescent years?

prefrontal cortex

Severe and early loss of hearing is often associated with difficulties in which other area?

abstract thinking

Which developmental researchers conducted a classic experiment utilizing the "visual cliff" apparatus?

Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk

What does an average infant's birth weight look like by her or his first birthday?

weight has tripled since birth

What is a specific but limited time, usually early in life, during which an organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet of development?

sensitive period

What do developmentalists call the average performance of a large sample of children of a given age?

a norm

By age 8, what percentage of Caucasian American girls has developed breasts or pubic hair?

1 out of 7

When a group of people are chosen to represent a larger population and are asked about their attitudes, behaviors, or thinking on a given topic, this is considered __________ research.

survey

Roger believes his infant daughter is going through very distinct stages of development and is suddenly, upon turning 6 months old, able to do far more than she could at 5½ months. This perspective is consistent with a __________ approach to development.

discontinuous change

Freud believed that the ego __________.

acts as a buffer between the desires of the id and the constraints of the real world

Dr. Sardonicus wants to examine the effectiveness of different teaching techniques. Her 9:00 A.M. class will be exposed to a new method of viewing online instructional videos while her 10:00 A.M. class will be exposed to traditional lectures. She will assess the students' memory for the information across six sessions. What method is the professor using to test her ideas?

scientific

What model of cognitive development seeks to identify the ways in which individuals take in, access, utilize, and store information?

information processing

__________ research is designed to discover causal relationships between various factors.

experimental

Which research strategy involves observing naturally occurring behavior without intervening in the situation?

naturalistic observation

Which theoretical perspective argues that people have a fundamental ability to control their behavior and make rational decisions about their lives?

humanistic

How many pairs of chromosomes are found in each of the non-sex cells?

23

Bitsy is pregnant, but continues to consumes substantial quantities of alcohol. What risk is she imposing on her unborn child?

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Other countries do significantly better than the United States in preventing infant mortality by providing which of the following social programs?

paid maternity leave for pregnant mothers

During the time between puberty and menopause, females will ovulate in periods of approximately how many days?

28

Which birthing approach uses breathing techniques and relaxation, involves a coach, and provides training that allows women to cope with painful contractions?

lamaze technique

Which medication used during the birth process produces numbness in the mother from the waist down?

epidural anesthesia

What is a teratogen?

an environmental factor that produces birth defects

What is the term for the procedure in which a woman's ova are removed from her ovaries, and a man's sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory?

in vitro fertilization

Sara's newborn has died. While obviously suffering from depression, she may also develop which of the following disorders?

post-traumatic stress disorder

Which reflex allows an infant to turn its head toward things that touch its cheek?

rooting reflex

Which term refers to the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain?

perception

Which term refers to the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain?

healthy and active

The loss of ability to hear high-pitched, high-frequency sounds is known by what term?

presbycusis

Which theory argues that overall processing speed declines in the peripheral nervous system with increasing age?

peripheral slowing hypothesis

Which term refers to the onset of menstruation?

menarche

Which term is used to describe aging that involves genetically programmed universal and irreversible changes?

primary aging

Which sense is not only well developed but reasonably sophisticated at birth?

taste and smell

José is beginning to lose the ability to detect fine spatial detail in close and distant objects. Which term refers to his condition?

loss of visual acuity

Which term describes the period in which an individual's sexual organs mature?

puberty

How do most researchers currently view menopause?

It is regarded as a normal part of the aging cycle.

For men, the period of physical and psychological change in the reproductive system is referred to by which term?

male climacteric

What classification is applied to drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in users, leading to increasingly powerful cravings for them?

addictive drugs

Which person is statistically most likely to show the symptoms of dementia?

Sondra, an 85-year-old African American

Why is binge drinking more problematic for women than men?

Women tend to weigh less than men, so their bodies cannot absorb alcohol as efficiently and they become drunk more quickly.

Kris and Sara put their infant son Gabe to bed for his regular afternoon nap. When they went to check on him several hours later Gabe was unresponsive and never woke again. Which term is used for this outcome?

SIDS

Which condition is the most common mental disorder of the elderly, covering several diseases, each of which includes serious memory loss accompanied by declines in other mental functioning?

dementia

Which term applies to a severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance are out of the ordinary?

anorexia nervosa

Stress can produce indirect health-related behaviors, such as which of the following?

increased delays in seeking medical care

Esperanza is having a great deal of difficulty in her statistics class. She visits her teacher to discuss ways in which she can improve her skills, or even drop the class if necessary. What kind of coping is Esperanza demonstrating?

problem-focused coping

What does concrete operational thought fundamentally involve?

applying logical operations to solve problems

What is the term for Piaget's initial major stage of cognitive development, which can be divided further into six substages?

sensorimotor

According to Vygotsky, if a child receives assistance with a task, she or he may improve substantially more than another child who does not receive help. What term did Vygotsky use to describe the assistance or structuring provided by others?

scaffolding

What is the correct sequence of developmental stages that Jean Piaget claimed all infants pass through?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Which term did Lev Vygotsky use to describe the physical items that a child uses to learn, as well as the intellectual and conceptual framework that the child uses to learn?

cultural tools

Three-year-old Wendy is playing hide-and-seek with some older children. However, instead of running to find a hiding place away from the other children, Wendy simply covers her eyes and stands in place. Wendy is demonstrating which Piagetian concept?

egocentrism

What did developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie call the first stage of cognitive development, encompassing all of childhood and adolescence?

acquisitive stage

Using K. Warner Schaie's stages of adult development, which issue would a senior citizen most likely be focused on and interested in?

legislation to enact universal health care benefits

Barrabas watches as his mother leaves the room, but he does not cry because he understands that his mother still exists even though he cannot see her. This is an example of which reaction concept?

Sensorimotor substage 4: Object permanence

According to K. Warner Schaie, what is the stage in which people in middle adulthood may become involved in organizations where they have a larger purpose in society?

executive stage

Recent findings show that in the United States, twice as many African American students as white American students are classified as mildly intellectually disabled, which is a difference that experts attribute to __________.

poverty and cultural bias in testing

The strategy in which people concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas is called __________.

selective optimization

If a person has an IQ score that falls in the range below 20 or 25, it would be classified as __________.

profound intellectual disability

__________ is demonstrated when a test measures consistently what it is trying to measure; __________ is demonstrated when a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure.

reliability; validity

Robert Sternberg proposed a theory that intelligence is made up of componential, experiential, and contextual forms. What is this theory called?

triarchic theory of intelligence

Twelve-year-old Jerry has difficulty correctly perceiving the arrangement of letters in a word, and difficulty in sounding out letters when he reads. What diagnosis is Jerry likely to receive?

dyslexia

Longitudinal studies of intelligence reveal that __________.

Adults' intelligence slows around their mid-30s for most people.

Which approach to education would do away with the need for separate special education programs?

full inclusion

When Walter devotes attention and practice to completing his tax returns, and has gained decades of experience in that area, he is demonstrating __________.

expertise

Which term describes the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations?

crystallized intelligence

The "silent killer" in middle adulthood refers to which condition?

hypertension

How is having a genetic predisposition to a disease related to contracting that disease?

A predisposition makes a disease more likely, but it does not guarantee that the disease will be contracted.

What percentage of people over the age of 65 shows some symptoms of a psychological disorder?

15 to 25 percent