AP Bio // Biochemistry

ionic bonds

transfer of electrons

covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides

Nucleotides

Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases

Phospholipids

a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids

Glucose

Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C₆H₁₂O₆. Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide

Quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the functional form of mutiple tertiary structures.

Triglycerols

a glycerol head with 3 fatty acid chains attached

ribose sugar

sugar used in RNA to make up the "backbone"

pentose sugar

The pentose sugar called deoxyribose used in DNA

alpha helix

A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure.

Collagen

structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue

Monosaccaride

carbohydrate made up of a single sugar unit Ex. glucose, fructose and galactose

ACTGU

letters of the base pairs in the nucleic acids

Steroids

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.

Glycerol

A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.

Nitrogen bases

The chemicals that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder. A-T and C-G match.

Primary structure

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

Fatty acids

Building Blocks of Lipids

Secondary structure

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.

Beta sheet

Folding pattern found in many proteins in which neighboring regions of the polypeptide chain associate side by side with each other through hydrogen bonds to give a rigid, flattened structure.

Polysaccharides

the polymer of monosaccharides

RNA

ribonucleic acid // single helix

Deoxyribose

A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides

Tertiary structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

Phosphate group

A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms

Amino acids:

monomers of proteins

Starch:

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

attraction between molecules of different substances

capillary action

the combined force of attraction among water molecules and with the molecules of surrounding materials

high specific heat

A property of water. Water can absorb lots of heat before changing temperature

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

breaking molecules apart by reaction with water

function of carbohydrates

energy

function of lipids

energy storage

function of nucleic acids

store and transmit genetic information

function of proteins

structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances

amino acid base

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Water Density

Liquid> Solid> Gas