CHA Exam 2 Vocab

Perfusion

Oxygenated blood being carried to body tissues

Gas exchange

Oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported away from cells

Ventilation

Moving gases in and out of the lungs by inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide

transport

hemoglobin carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

Ischemia

Insufficient flow of oxygenated blood

Hypoxia

Insufficient oxygen reaching cells

Anoxia

No oxygen

Hypoxemia

reduced oxygen in arterial bloods

systole

ventricles contract blood and is forced into arteries: associated with S1/LUBB

Diastole

Ventricles relax and fill with blood: associated with S2/DUBB

S1

LUBB heart sound; associated with the mitral and tricuspid valves snapping shut

S2

DUBB heart sound; associated with the aortic and pulmonic valves snapping shut

Murmur

Abnormal sound heart on auscultation; think valve

Edema

Swelling from fluid

Intermittent claudication

leg cramping or pain that happens when you walk and goes away when you rest.

Barrel chest

Tripod position

Accessory muscles

breathing muscles used when the patient is working harder to breathe

Apical pulse

heart rate measured directly at the bottome tip of your heart using a stethoscope

SA node

cardiac pacemaker; starts the electrical impulse that stimulates contraction; 60-100 bpm

AV node

Part of the heart’s electrical conduction pathway that follows the SA node; 40-60 bpm

Bundle of HIS

Part of the heart’s electrical conduction pathway shown after the AV node; 20-40 bpm

Bundle branches

part of the hearts electrical conduction pathway shown after the bundle of HIS

Purkinje fibers

part of the heart’s electrical conduction pathway shown after the bundle branches

arrhythmia

an abnormal/irregular heart rythm; AFib for example

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

tricuspid and mitral; separate the atria and ventricles and help prevent backflow

Semilunar valves

Pulmonic and aortic valvesA

APETM

the five heart-valve listening areas

Coronary arteries

arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Narrowing of the coronary arteries because of plaque build up

Atheriosclerosis

Hardening/narrowing of arteries due to plaque build up

Angina

Chest pain caused by lack of blood flow to heart muscle; often aggraveted by exertion and often relieved by rest

Myocardial infarction (MI)

heart attack

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A condition associated with inadequate heart pumping, fluid overload, weight gain, edema, shortness of breath, and high blood pressure

Endocarditis

inflammation/infection of the endocardium; can damage valves and is connected with regurgitation (leaky valves)

Pericarditis

swelling/irritation of the thin saclike membrane surrounding the heart/pericardium

Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)

Irregular, very rapid heart rhythm in which the atria quiver/beat irregularly

Hypertension

Pressure inside the arterial walls is too high; without symptoms and can silently damage vessels

Aneurysm

weakening of the arterial wall

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)

An aneurysm involving the aorta, the large vessel carrying blood toward the lower extremities

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

A blood clot in a deep vein; blood can pool behind the clot, causing pain, swelling, and redness

Thrombus

A blood clot that forms in a vein; can become and embolus and travel

Embolus

A thrombus that becomes able to travel

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)

A slow, progressive circulation disorder involving narrowing and/or blockage, with reduced perfusion especially in the lower legs and feet

Venous Insufficiency

a condition associated with incompetent valves, congenital defects, changes in the venous wall, or a precipitating event such as DVT

Dyspnea

difficulty breathing/shortness of breath; can indicate respiratory or cardiac conditions

Orthopnea

difficulty breathing when lying down; is relieved by sitting up

Diaphragm

A primary musce of inspiration

Intercostal muscles

Primary muscles of inspiration located between ribs

Pneumonia

inflammation of the terminal bronchioles and alveoli; causes include virus, bacteria, fungi, or aspiration

Acute bronchitis

inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tree caused by virus or bacteria

Asthma

a chronic respiratory disorder characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Emphysema

A lung disease where the tiny air sacs in your lungs get destroyed, making it hard to breathe out.

Chronic Bronchitis

A long-term lung problem where your breathing tubes stay swollen and make way too much sticky mucus, causing a daily cough that lasts for months

Pneumothorax

air in the pleural space

Tension pneumothorax

Air enters/leaks into the pleural space but cannot escape.

hemothorax

blood in the pleural space

Atelectasis

collapsed alveoli

pleural effusion

accumulation of serous-bloody fluid in the pleural space between the visceral and parietal pleurae

Pulmonary edema

Fluid building up inside the air sacs of your lungs, making it very hard to breathe

Obstructive sleep apnea

A sleep problem where the muscles in the back of your throat relax too much while you sleep, causing your airway to collapes and block your breathing.

croup

a common childhood virus that makes the throat swell up and causes a loud, barking cough

Tuberculosis

a serious germ infection that mostly attacks your lungs

Cyanosis

bluish/gray appearance of the skin, hair, or nails; an oxygenation concern

Pallor

Unusually pale or washed-out skin; may indicate an oxygenation problem

clubbing

your fingertips get wider, rounder, and bulbous, and your nails curve downward; associated with chronic hypoxia, including asthma, COPD, and cystic fibrosis

Retractions

inward pulling of the intercostal muscles/chest wall during breathing; can occur with airway obstruction and is seen with pneumonia and asthma attacks

Vesicular sounds

normal breath sounds

Crackles

adventitious sounds; short, high-pitched sounds during inspiration that are not cleared by coughing; popping, bubbling or crinkling noises.

wheezes

a high-pitched whistling or squeaking sound made when you breathe because your airways are squeezed or blocked; adventitious sounds

Rhonchi

an adventitious lung sound; a snoring, gurgling, or rattling sound inside someones lungs

Pack-years

a quick way for doctors to measure your total lifetime smoking; one pack-year means smoking one pack of cigarettes (20 cigarettes) per day for one full year.