Unit 5 Muscular System

Heat production (thermogenisis)

Heat is a byproduct of muscle contraction

Movement Facilitation

Muscles shorten and pull on bones which produces movement

Structure (postural support)

contraction of muscles keeps us upright and maintains posture

Protection of Internal Organs

Contractions protect muscles

Voluntary Contractibility

Contractions controlled by conscious thought or will

Involuntary Contractibility

Contractions due to unconscious impulses sent by the autonomic nervous system or certain specialized cells or hormones

Striated

stripes, muscles that under a microscope level have cross fiber stripes

Non-striated

not having stripes, muscle cells that microscopically have a smooth appearance

Cardiac Muscle location

Forms the bulk of the heart wall

Cardiac Muscle Appearance

striated

Cardiac Muscle Control Type

involuntary

Cardiac Muscle unique feature

intercalated discs

Smooth Muscle location

Walls of internal surfaces (Examples, Blood vessels, stomach, urinary bladder, intestines)

smooth muscle appearance

non-striated

Smooth Muscle Control Type

involuntary

Smooth Muscle Function

Contracts to move things from point A to point B

skeletal muscle location

Attached to the bones

skeletal muscle appearance

striated

skeletal muscle control

voluntary

Skeletal muscle function

Allows for postural support and movement of body parts both axial and appendiculaur

Three distinct muscle types

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Tendons

Connects muscle to bone, made of dense fibrous connective tissue

Agonist

the prime mover, does the most work

Antagonist

does the opposite motion

synergist

The helper muscle, assists in making the motion happen

Fixator

holds the body part in place while the action takes place

Peristalsis

a wave like motion by smooth muscle to advance substance

Abduction

movement away from the midline

Adduction

movement toward the midline

Flexion

decrease a joint angle

Extension

increasing a joint angle

Hyperextension

extension beyond anatomical position

Plantarflexion

Specific to ankle motion, pointing the toes

Dorsiflesion

Specific to ankle motion, pulling the toes towards the shin

Supination

Turning palm up

Pronation

turning palm down

Rotation

movement around an axis

circumduction

Cone shaped movement

Origin

the most proximal end of the muscle, the non moving end or where the muscle starts

Insertion

the distal end of a muscle, the moving end or where the muscle goes to

Biceps Brachii origin

anterior scapula

Biceps Brachii insertion

anterior proximal radius

Biceps Brachii action

elbow flexion

triceps Brachii origin

posterior scapula

Triceps Brachii insertion

posterior proximal ulna

triceps brachii action

elbow extension

Trapezius origin

cervical and thoracic spine

trapezius instertion

spine of the scapula

Trapezius action

extends or hyper extends head and neck

Latissimus Dorsi origin

clavicle and spine of the scapula

Latissimus Dorsi Insertion

proximal humerus

Latissimus Doris action

extends a flexed arm or hyper extends the arm

Deltoid origin

Clavicle and spine of the scapula

Deltoid Insertion

Proximal Humerus

Deltoid action

shoulder abduction

Pectoralis Major origin

Upper ribs along the sternum and clavicle

Pectoralis Major Insertion

Humerus

Pectoralis Major Action

adduction

Diaphragm origin

Circumference of the lower rib cage

Diaphragm Insertion

Central Tendon

Diaphragm Action

expands chest for breathing

Quadriceps origin

anterior pelvis and proximal femur

Quadriceps insertion

anterior tibia

Quadriceps action

knee extension

Hamstrings origin

ischium and posterior femur

Hamstrings insertion

posterior tibial and fibula

Hamstrings action

knee flexion

Gluteus Maximus Origin

ilium, sacrum and coccyx

Gluteus maximus insertion

femur

Gluteus maximus action

extends hip

Gastrocnemius origin

femur

Gastrocnemius Insertion

calcaneus (heel bone)

Gastrocnemius action

Plantar flexes ankle (When knee is straight)

Soleus Origin

Tibia and fibula

Soleus insertion

calcaneus (Heel bone)

Soleus Action

plantar flexes ankle (When knee is bent)

tendonitis definition

inflamation due to overuse or age-related changes of tendon

tendonitis causes

it is common in individuals who begin a new exercise or increase level of exercize

tendonitis treatment

rest, ice, compression and elevation (RICE)

Strain Definition

A tearing of the muscles or its attaching tendon

Strain causes

Occurs when a muscle receives a stress that overcomes its strength

1st degree strains

when the muscle is stretched causing tears in muscle fibers

2nd degree strain

when the muscle or the tendon is partially torn

3rd degree strain

when the muscle is completely ruptured

Strain treatment

rest, ice, compression and elevation (RICE)

Muscle spasm definition

An involuntary muscle contraction

Muscle spasm causes

Electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, and fatigue

Muscle spasm treatment

put the muscle on a stretch, ice or heat can be used

Muscle spasm prevention

Maintaining a proper diet, drinking lots of water and proper conditioning.

Muscular dystrophy definition

An inherited disorder in which the muscles are missing a certain protein causing degeneration of muscle tissue

Muscular dystrophy cause

Progressive weakness and loss of function of the affected muscles

muscular dystrophy treatment

There is no cure but physical therapy can lessen the severity of the disorder