skull position

what is the reed baseline

IOML

what are essential projections for cranium

AP axial (townes)

bilateral (general survey)

PA

part position for ap axial (townes)

oml or IOML perpendicular

cr through foramen magnum 2 ½ “ above glabella

OML 30 caudal

IOML 37 caudal

whats demonstrated in ap axial

occipital bone

if cant do townes what method is done

pa axial haas

cr entrance for haas

OML perpendicular to IR

cephalad 25 1.5” below inion

part position for pa

nose and forehead on IR

OML perpendicular

cr perpendicular at nasion

what is demonstrated in pa skull

petrous ridges fill prbits

frontal bone

angle for caldwell

15 caudal exits nasion

petrous ridges in lower 1/3 of orbits

part position for lateral

IPL perpendicular

IOML parallel

CR 2” above EAM

what is seen in cross table lateral

sphenoid sinuses and basillar skull fracture

SMV (schuller) position

IOML parallel, MSP perpendicular

Cr below chin

what are essential projections for facial bones

parietocanthial (waters

hard lateral

soft lateral

SMV

caldwell

part position for waters

chin on buckey (MML perpendicular) cr exits acanthion

what angle does OML make with the IR during waters

37

where are the petrious ridges seen in a reverse waters

below maxillary sinus

cr entrance for lateral facial bones

lateral surface of zygomatic bone halfway between outer canthus & EAM

part position for submentovertical zygomatic arches

IOML parallel MSP perpendicular

CR at throat 1 ½ posterior to outer canthus

essential projections nasal bones NCWHS

cladwell

waters

hard lateral

soft lateral

essential projections for orbits OWLPO

waters

lateral

PA axial

parietoorbital oblique (bilateral) (Rheese)

what is rheese method for

optic canal and foramina

what view sees blowout fracture

waters

cr entrance for lateral orbits

perpendicular to outer canthus

cr entrance for PA axial orbits

20-25 caudal exits inferior orbits

what is seen in PA axial orbits

orbits free of superimposition by petrious ridges

part position for rheese

affetced side close to IR

zygoma, chin, nose on IR

AML perpendicular

cr entrance for rheese

perpendicular at 1” above and posterior to top of ear, exits down side orbit

what degrees does MSP make with board in rheese

53

what is demonstrated in rheese

optic foramina & canal of side down

orbital rim of side up

what are the 4 sinuses

ethmoid

sphenoid

maxillae

frontal

what is the largest sinus

maxillae

another name for maxillae sinus

antrum of highmore

where are frontal sinuses located

posterior to glabella

where are the ethmoid sinuses located

in lateral masses

how many air cells in ant, mid, post ethmoid sinuses

2-8,2-8,2-6

what are the essential sinus projections

Lateral

PA axial (caldwell)

parietocanthial (waters)

SMV

open mouth waters if no SMV

what is the one rule for sinus pictures

must be upright with horizontal CR

cr entrance for lateral sinuses

1/2-1” posterior to outer canthus

what is SID for pre op sinuses

72

what is best projection for sphenoid sinuses

lateral

what line is perpendicular for angled grid caldwell

OML

bucky tilted down 15

what is exit point of cr for caldwell

nasion

where are petrous ridges in caldwell

lower 1/3 of orbits

what angle does OML make in waters

37

exit point of cr for waters

acanthion

what is best projection for maxillary sinuses

waters

what is best projection for sphenoid sinuses

smv

In what view is OML 37 to IR CR exciting acanthion

Waters (facial bones)

What view sees occipital bone

Townes

What view sees bsillar portion

Smv

What view sees blowout fracture of orbits

Waters

What view sees optic foramina

rheese

What view sees basillar skull fracture

Cross table lateral

What view are petrious ridges superimposed on

Lateral

WhT view sees zygomatic arches

Smv

For AP axial Townes if OML is perpendicular how much angle which way

30 caudal

In PA where do peters ridges sit

In orbits

In Caldwell where do Peters ridges sit

Lower 1/3 orbits

In parietocanthial (waters) where do Peter’s ridges sit

Below maxillary sinus

In what view is MML perpendicular CR perpendicular exiting acanthion

Waters

If AP axial Townes can’t be done what do you do instead

Haas

What line is parallel in SMV

IOML

What’s the radio graphic baseline

OML

What view sees nasal septum

Waters

What is axiolateral oblique for TMJ

Modified Laws

Lateral position rotate head 15 towards table

15 caudal angle 1 ½ sup to EAM

If IPL perpendicular CR is ¾ superior and anterior to EAM what are we visualizing

Sella turcica

What’s best view to see sinuses

Lateral

Cr entrance for AP axial Townes

IOML 37

OML 30

Enter at hairline

Map perpendicular

Part position for PA skull

MSP perpendicular

Forehead and nose on IR

OML perpendicular

CR exit acanthion

What sinuses do you see in SMV

Sphenoid and ethmoid

What sinuses do you see in Caldwell

Frontal

Routine for sinus (WMSL)

Waters

Modified Caldwell

Smv

Lateral

Routine for nasal

Hard soft lateral

Waters

Caldwell

Routine for skull

AP axial Townes

Pa Caldwell

Right & left lateral

Routine for facial

Hard soft lateral

Waters

Smv

Caldwell

Routine for TMJ

Axiolateral oblique open and closed

Pa axial

Cr entrance for axiolateral oblique mandible

25 cephalad entering mandible

Cr entrance for lateral facial bones

Perpendicular to zygoma

What to do if can’t do smv for sinuses

Open mouth waters