Prokaryotic cells & viruses

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Last updated 9:39 AM on 10/9/26
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9 Terms

1
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What are the two types of cells?

  1. Prokaryotic: Smaller & have no nucleus/nuclear envelope

  2. Eukaryotic: Larger & have a nucleus bounded by nuclear membranes


2
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Give 5 comparison points between prokaryotic cells & Eukaryotic cells

  • Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, only circular DNA & plasmids whereas eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope & no plasmids & DNA is linear

  • DNA not associated with proteins in prokaryotic cells whereas in eukaryotic cells DNA associated with proteins called histones

  • In prokaryotic cells, there are no membrane-bound organelles whereas in eukaryotic cells, there are membrane-bound organelles e.g mitochondria

  • In prokaryotic cells, there are no chloroplasts, only bacterial chlorophyll associated with cell-surface membrane in some bacterial whereas in eukaryotic cells, chloroplasts are present in plants & algae

  • In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes larger (8OS) whilst ribosomes smaller in prokaryotic cells (7OS


3
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Describe the structure of a bacterial cell

  • Simple

  • 0.1-10 micrometres in length


4
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What are the 5 components of a bacterial cell?

Cell wall & capsule, cell surface membrane & circular DNA & plasmid

5
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Describe cell wall & capsule

  • Made up of murein-polymer of polysaccharides & peptides. Many bacteria protect themselves by secreting a capsule of mucilaginous slime around this wall

  • Cell wall excludes certain substances & protects against mechanical damage & osmotic lysis


6
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Describe cell-surface membrane

Differentially permeable layer, which controls entry & exit of chemicals

7
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Describe circular DNA

  • Possesses genetic info for replication of bacterial cell

  • Bacteria store food reserves as glycogen granules & oil droplets


8
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Describe plasmid

  • Reproduce themselves

  • Used as vectors in chemical engineering

  • Possess genes that aid survival of bacteria in adverse conditions e.g produces enzymes that break down antibiotics


9
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Describe viruses

  • Acellular, non-living particles

  • 20-300nm in size

  • Contain nucleic acids e.g DNA, RNA as genetic material but can only multiply inside living host cells → Have attachment proteins which are essential to allow virus to identify & attach to a host cell.

  • Nucleic acid enclosed within protein coat → ‘Capsid’

  • Some viruses e.g human immunodeficiency virus further surrounds by liquid envelope