Human Physiology Module 2

What is described by something that can irritate immune cells?

antigen

Which lymphocyte activates most of the immune system cells?

helper t-cells

Which of the following turns into plasma cells?

B-cells

What is the first cell to attack if invasion of body?

Neutrophils

What WBC has the highest amount in the body?

Neutrophils

Which of the following are agranulocytes?

lymphocytes and monocytes

Which type of immune response is non-specific? What about specific?

innate; adapative

Skin, mucous, secretions, enzymes belong to which layer of defense of the immune system?

First

Inflammation, phagocytosis, complement, fever, interferons belong to which layer of defense of the immune system?

Second

Lymphocytes including B and T cells belong to what line of defense?

third

If a specific antigen is detected within the body what type of cell is more likely to attack it?

B-cell

Kupffer cells, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and microglia cells are all what?

Phagocytes

Cytokines are what?

protein messengers secreted by various immune system cells

Heat, redness, swelling pain, and loss of function are signs of what?

inflammation

What are complement proteins?

inactive plasma proteins that assist, attack and tag antigen

What is opsonization?

process of tagging the enemy

What is secreted when cell is attacked that announces intruder in body that prevents virus replication?

interferons

Mast cells and basophils secrete which of the following which increase vasomembrane permeability?

histamine

Which of the following described the process of programmed cell death w/o inflammation?

apoptosis

Does histamine increase or decrease the size of a cell?

decrease

How are macrophages and neutrophils able to recognize?

toll-like receptors

What is the role of immunoglobins?

prevent antigen from working

Plasma makes up what percentage of blood?

55

Erythrocytes make up what percentage of blood?

44

Buffy coat makes up what percentage of blood?

1

How many platelets make up the buffy coat?

~450k

How many leukocytes make up the buffy coat?

4.5k

How many erythrocytes are in circulation?

~5 million

What is the naming pattern behind T-cells?

mature in thymus

Class 1 MHC is on which cells?

All cells besides RBC

What type of lymphocyte recognizes class 1 MHC?

cytotoxic t-cells

Class 2 MHC is on which cells?

Only macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells

Which lympocyte recognizes type 2 MHC?

helper t-cells

What specifically activates helper t-cells?

CD4

What is the normal range of CD4?

500-1500

What is the universal blood type that accepts all?

AB+

What is the universal blood type that can donate to all?

O-

Which immunoglobin type is the smallest and can cross the placenta barrier and harm the baby?

IgG

Which immunoglobin type is the largest and used in body secretions?

IgM

Agglutination occurs with which type of immunoglobin?

IgM

Endocrine glands are a derivative of what?

epithleal tissue

What is the most important gland in endocrine system?

hypothalamus

What kind of hormone can easily get in to the body?

cholesterol based

Steroid hormones are what type of hormone?

cholesterol based

What organ produces aldosterone, androgens, and cortisol?

adrenal cortex

What organ produces estrogen and progesterone?

ovaries

What organ produces testosterone?

testes

What does ACTH do?

activate g-protein to eventually allow steroid hormone to evenetually be produce

What is the secondary messanger that is activated by ACTH?

cAMP

What is cholesterol converted into directly?

pregnenolone

What hormones can pregnenolone lead to?

aldosterone, cortisol and androstenedione

Thyrosine can be converted into what hormones?

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and TH

What amine hormone is released instantly due to nerve signals?

norepinephrine and epinephrine

Which of the following are blood levels of hormones controlled by?

negative feedback system

Which of the following is best described by humoral stimuli?

blood levels affecting hormones

Which of the following is best described by neural stimuli?

sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulating hormone release

Which of the following is best described by hormonal stimuli?

hormone acting on endocrine organ causes hormones to release

Releasing/inhibiting hormones are released by what organ?

hypothalamus

Stimulating hormones are released by what organ?

anterior pituitary

What is the most common feedback mechanism in the body?

negative feedback

Which of the following can freely enter the cell and needs a carrier to move around inside?

lipid soluble hormone

Water soluble hormones are able to enter cells. T/F

False

Albumin and transthyretin(prealbumin) is what type of transport protein?

Non-specific (many things transported)

Which of the following hormones are bound almost completely?

thyroxine and triiodothyronine (thyroid hormones)

Hormones that are bounded are easily cleared? T/F

False

Hormones that are bounded are hard to clear? T/F

True

How does responsiveness/sensitivity change on a receptor?

ALL of the above

Which of the following usually occurs slowly?

genomic

Which of the following usually occurs quickly?

non-genomic

Albumin is able to transport what hormones?

most steroids, thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Corticosteroid binding globulin is able to transport what hormones?

only steroids

With which immunoglobulin does agglutination best occur with?

IgM

What chemical broken down from RBCs makes stool have its color?

stercolbin

Adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, RTC, JAK/STAT, use what type of system to enter cell?

2nd messenger systems (water-based)

What are amine hormones based on?

tyrosine