a&p lab 6: bones classification and structure

Axial skeleton

Skull, thoracic cage, ventrebal column, cranium

Appendicular skeleton

Bones of the appendages, shoulder girdle, hip girdle, upper limbs and lower limbs

Classification of bone shapes

Long (humerus, femur), short (carpals, tarsals), flat (cranial bones), irregular (vertebrae)

Bone marking: tuberosity

Large rounded projection; may be roughened

Bone marking: crest

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

Bone marking: Trochanter

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)

Bone marking: Line

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Bone marking: Tubercle

Small rounded projection or process

Bone making: epicondyle

Raised area on or above a condyle

Bone marking: spine

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Bone marking: process

Bony prominence

Define what periosteum is and how its connected to bone

Outer layer of the bone, provides covering and protection, connective tissue; two layers: fibrous layer, and osteogenic layer

Know the key parts of compact bone

Osteon: structural unit of compact bone

• central canal: vessels/nerves

• Lamellae: rings of calcified collagen fibers

• Lacunae: holes that house oseocytes

• Canaliculi: exchange of nutrients, gases, etc

Locate central canals and explain how they are connected to each other

Central canal are at the center of osteons, full of nerve and blood vessels supply that the bone

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells from osteoblasts, maintain the bone matrix and detect mechanical stress

Osteoblasts

Produce new bones, turn into osteocytes if trapped in the matrix

Osteoclasts

Phagocyte cells involved in breaking down bone in an important process called bone resorption

Location: surface of bone tissue