NBEO-General Physiology (Non Big 8)

What is the main electrolyte found in the intracellular portion of a cell? K+ or Na+?

K+

What is the main electrolyte found in the extracellular portion of a cell? K+ or Na+?

Na+

What is the equilibrium potential of a cell?

A) -40 mv

B) -90 mv

C) +40 mv

D) +90 mv

B) -90 mv

What is the ratio of Na+/K+ that is pumped in and out of cell in order to maintain a constant resting potential?

3 Na+ out/ 2 K+ in

Depolarization of a cell is caused by an influx of which ion?

Na+

Which receptors are located on the radial muscle of the iris?

A) Alpha 1

B) Alpha 2

C) Beta 1

D) Beta 2

A) Alpha 1

Which receptors are known to inhibit adenylyl cyclase which decreases cAMP?

A) Alpha 1

B) Alpha 2

C) Beta 1

D) Beta 2

B) Alpha 2

Which receptors are known to increases IP3 which increases intracellular Ca2+ levels?

A) Alpha 1

B) Alpha 2

C) Beta 1

D) Beta 2

A) Alpha 1

Which of the following increase cAMP levels? (Choose 2)

A) Alpha 1

B) Alpha 2

C) Beta 1

D) Beta 2

C and D

Are Beta 1 or Beta 2 receptors primarily found in the heart?

Beta 1

Are Beta 1 or Beta 2 receptors primarily found in the bronchioles?

Beta 2

Which receptors would MOST likely be associated with glaucoma when they are stimulated? (Choose 2)

A) Alpha 1

B) Alpha 2

C) Beta 1

D) Beta 2

A (angle closure) and D (aqueous production)

Which receptor is antagonized by the medication Betaxolol?

A) Alpha 1

B) Alpha 2

C) Beta 1

D) Beta 2

C) Beta 1

Which receptor is antagonized by the medication Tamsulosin?

A) Alpha 1

B) Alpha 2

C) Beta 1

D) Beta 2

A) Alpha 1

Clonidine is an antihypertensive medication that is considered a ______________ agonist.

A) Alpha 1

B) Alpha 2

C) Beta 1

D) Beta 2

B) Alpha 2

Which receptors are antagonized by the medication Timolol? (Choose 2)

A) Alpha 1

B) Alpha 2

C) Beta 1

D) Beta 2

C and D

Are Nicotinic or muscarinic receptors known to open Na+ and K+ channels?

Nicotinic

Are Nicotinic or muscarinic receptors known to increase IP3 which increases intracellular Ca2+?

Muscarinic

Which receptors are known to increase intracellular Ca2+? (Choose 2)

A) Alpha 1

B) Alpha 2

C) Muscarinic

D) Nicotinic

A and C

What is the average amount of interstitial fluid compared to plasma that make up the extracellular component of our bodily fluids? (Choose 2)

A) 12L of Interstitial fluid

B) 3L of Plasma

C) 3L of Interstitial fluid

D) 12L of Plasma

A and B

Approximately ______________% of our body is composed of water.

60%

Does the solution with higher osmolality have higher or lower osmotic pressure?

Higher osmotic pressure

Water moves via osmosis to the solution of ______________. (Choose 2)

A) Higher osmolality

B) Lower osmolality

C) Higher osmotic pressure

D) Lower Osmotic pressure

A and C

The right lung has how many lobes?

3 lobes

The left lung has how many lobes?

2 lobes

Is the right lung or left lung larger?

Right lung

Which surface of the lung faces the sternum, costal cartilage, and ribs?

A) Costal surface

B) Mediastinal surface

C) Diaphragm surface

A) Costal surface

Which surface of the lung faces the hilium of the lung?

A) Costal surface

B) Mediastinal surface

C) Diaphragm surface

B) Mediastinal surface

What is NOT included in the respiratory zone of the lung?

A) Trachea

B) Respiratory bronchioles

C) Alveolar ducts

D) Alveolar sacs

E) Alveoli

A (conducting zone)

Are the alveoli part of the conducting zone or respiratory zone of the lung?

Respiratory zone

Is the trachea part of the conducting zone or respiratory zone of the lung?

Conducting zone

Is the right lung or left lung shorter and wider in nature?

Right lung

Which of the following does NOT contract during inspiration?

A) Diaphragm

B) Parasternal muscles

C) External intercostal muscles

D) Internal intercostal muscles

D) Intercostal muscles

Do the Internal Intercostals or External Intercostals contract during forced expiration?

Internal Intercostals

Do the Internal Intercostals or External Intercostals contract during inspiration?

External Intercostals

Does thoracic volume increase or decrease during inspiration?

Increases

Is Inspiration or Expiration generally considered a passive process?

Expiration

________________ is the air volume inspired or expired after each normal breath.

Tidal volume

______________ is the maximum volume of inspiration after a tidal volume (normal) inspiration.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

_________________ is the maximum volume of expiration that can be pushed out after tidal volume (normal) expiration.

Expiratory Reserve Volume

________________ is the volume of air inhaled during a maximal inspiration.

Inspiratory capacity

________________ is the total lung capacity that can be expired voluntarily after a maximum inspiration.

Vital capacity

A normal Respiratory rate is approximately ___________ breaths/minute at rest.

12 breaths/minute

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) is typically measured over __________ seconds.

A) 1 second

B) 10 seconds

C) 60 seconds

D) 20 seconds

A) 1 second

Functional residual capacity (FRC) - Expiratory reserve volume (ER) = _________.

A) Residual Volume (RV)

B) Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

C) Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

A) Residual Volume

Vital capacity (VC) + Residual Volume (RV) = ________________.

A) Residual Volume (RV)

B) Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

C) Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

B) Total Lung Capacity

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ER) + Residual Volume (RV) = ___________.

A) Residual Volume (RV)

B) Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

C) Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

D) Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

D) Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

________________ are used clinically to monitor lung function and disease.

Spirograms

Is Obstructive or Restrictive lung disease characterized by a decreased FEV1/FVC ratio?

Obstructive

Is Obstructive or Restrictive lung disease characterized by a reduced RV with normal FEV1/FVC ratio?

Restrictive

Which of the following is NOT true regarding a patient with emphysema?

A) They will typically have a reduced FEV1/FVC ratio

B) They will have a reduced Residual volume (RV)

C) They will have an elevated FRC

B (elevated)

Which of the following is NOT an example of an obstructive lung disease?

A) Asthma

B) Sarcoidosis

C) COPD

D) Emphysema

B) Sarcoidosis

Which of the following is NOT an example of an restrictive lung disease?

A) Asthma

B) Sarcoidosis

C) Histoplasmosis

D) Toxoplasmosis

A) Asthma

A FEV1/FEVC ratio less than _____________% is significant for obstructive lung disease.

< 80%

Is the concentration of O2 or CO2 higher in the bloodstream?

CO2 (20x)

Which of the following is NOT a form that CO2 is transported to the lungs?

A) In the form of bicarbonate

B) Bound to hemoglobin

C) In the form of carbonic acid

D) Dissolved within the blood plasma

C) In the form of carbonic acid

Which of the following methods accounts for about 90% of CO2 transport from tissues to lungs?

A) In the form of bicarbonate

B) Bound to hemoglobin

C) Dissolved within the blood plasma

A) In the form of bicarbonate

Which condition decreases the surface area of the lungs which leads to a decrease in CO2 and O2 exchange?

Emphysema

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the diffusion rate across respiratory membranes of the lungs?

A) Thickness of the membrane

B) Surface area of the membrane

C) Diffusion coefficient of the gas

D) Oncotic pressure differences

E) Partial pressure differences

D) Oncotic pressure differences

Where is the PO2 the highest in the body?

A) Veins

B) Arteries

C) Alveoli

C) Alveoli

Where is the PO2 the lowest in the body?

A) Veins

B) Arteries

C) Alveoli

A) Veins

Which of the following will NOT shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the right?

A) Increase in pH (more basic)

B) Decrease in pH (more acidic)

C) Increase in temperature

D) Increase in CO2 levels

A (shifts to the left)

Does a decrease in pH (more acidic) shift the oxygen disassociation curve to the left or right?

Right

Does an increase in pH (more basic) shift the oxygen disassociation curve to the left or right?

Left

Which of the following would cause an oxygen disassociation curve to shift to the left?

A) Exercise

B) Lung disease

C) CHF

D) Lower temperature

D) Lower temperature

For an oxygen disassociation curve, does a shift to the right indicate an increase or decrease in hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

Decrease

For an oxygen disassociation curve, does a shift to the left indicate an increase or decrease in hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

Increase

Does carbon monoxide or oxygen have a greater affinity for hemoglobin?

Carbon monoxide

Which part of the brainstem is primarily responsible for autonomic respiration?

Medulla

Does a decrease in O2 cause an increase or decrease in the CO2 sensitivity of peripheral chemoreceptors found in the carotid and aortic arch?

Increase in sensitivity

What are the two main locations of peripheral chemoreceptors within the body?

1) Carotid arteries

2) Aortic arch

Which region of the brainstem are central chemoreceptors primarily concentrated?

Medulla

Does increased blood acidity lead to increased or decreased ventilation?

Increased ventilation

Which of the following is primarily caused by hypoventilation?

A) Respiratory Acidosis

B) Respiratory Alkalosis

C) Metabolic acidosis

D) Metabolic alkalosis

A) Respiratory Acidosis

Which of the following is primarily caused by hyperventilation?

A) Respiratory Acidosis

B) Respiratory Alkalosis

C) Metabolic acidosis

D) Metabolic alkalosis

B) Respiratory Alkalosis

Which of the following is primarily caused by diarrhea?

A) Respiratory Acidosis

B) Respiratory Alkalosis

C) Metabolic acidosis

D) Metabolic alkalosis

C) Metabolic acidosis

Which of the following is primarily caused by vomiting?

A) Respiratory Acidosis

B) Respiratory Alkalosis

C) Metabolic acidosis

D) Metabolic alkalosis

D) Metabolic alkalosis

Are CO2 levels more elevated in a patient with Respiratory Acidosis or Respiratory Alkalosis?

Respiratory Acidosis

Do the kidneys increase or decrease the excretion of HCO3- in a patient with Respiratory Acidosis?

Decrease HCO3- excretion

Do the kidneys increase or decrease the excretion of HCO3- in a patient with Respiratory Alkalosis?

Increase HCO3- excretion

Does Metabolic acidosis typically result in Hyperventilation or Hypoventilation as a compensatory mechanism?

Hyperventilation

Does Metabolic alkalosis typically result in Hyperventilation or Hypoventilation as a compensatory mechanism?

Hypoventilation

Will a patient with Diabetic Ketoacidosis most likely present with hyperventilation or hypoventilation as a compensatory mechanism?

Hyperventilation

Describe the flow of blood through the heart (deoxygenated --> oxygenated).

Superior + Inferior vena cava --> Right atrium --> Right ventricle --> Pulmonary artery --> Pulmonary vein (O2) --> Left atrium (O2) --> Left ventricle (O2)--> Aorta (O2)

Which valve separate the right atrium from the right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve

Which valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle?

Mitral valve

Is Systole or Diastole contraction of the ventricles?

Systole

Is Systole or Diastole relaxation of the ventricles?

Diastole

Is Systole or Diastole the Q-T portion of a EKG?

Systole

Is Systole or Diastole the T-R portion on an EKG?

Diastole

The first heart sound (Lub) is caused by the closing of which two valves? (Choose 2)

A) Mitral

B) Triscuspid

C) Aortic

D) Pulmonary

A and B

The second heart sound (Dub) is caused by the closing of which two valves? (Choose 2)

A) Mitral

B) Triscuspid

C) Aortic

D) Pulmonary

C and D

Which heart sound could potentially indicate congestive heart failure?

A) S1

B) S2

C) S3

D) S4

C) S3

Which heart sound could potentially indicate hypertrophic ventricles?

A) S1

B) S2

C) S3

D) S4

D) S4

Which heart sounds are found in a healthy patient? (Choose 2)

A) S1

B) S2

C) S3

D) S4

A and B

The ______________ is considered to be the pacemaker of the heart.

SA node

Which complex on an EKG symbolizes Atrial depolarization?

A) P wave

B) QRS wave

C) QT wave

D) T wave

A) P wave

Which complex on an EKG symbolizes Ventricular depolarization?

A) P wave

B) QRS wave

C) QT wave

D) T wave

B) QRS wave

Which complex on an EKG symbolizes a single cycle of systole?

A) P wave

B) QRS wave

C) QT wave

D) T wave

C) QT wave

Which complex on an EKG symbolizes relaxing of the ventricles?

A) P wave

B) QRS wave

C) QT wave

D) T wave

D) T wave