Herd health 2

4 S’s of safety

Safety of your Self,Animal, Food, Everyone youre working with (S.A.F.E.)

when using a multiple dose syringe, never use

detergents or disinfectants to clean because it can affect vaccine efficacy . Use heat sterilization

continuous feed syringes reduce the chance of

contaminating vaccines by accidentally drawing product from the wrong bottle

1.     Continuous feed syringes are not recommended for administering vaccines. What are the two primary reasons for this?

They are harder to keep clean. It can also be difficult to keep all components out of the elements like the sun which causes heat damage and deterioration to the vaccine resulting in the animal not being immunized adequately

Should a needle that has been used to administer an injectable product ever be placed back into a bottle

no, never

The leading cause of needle bending is

improper restraint

General guidelines for needle selection and use include proper cattle

restraint

General guidelines for needle selection and use include selection of high quality needles that are sized, both in

gauge and in length to fit the cattle, required product route of administration and injectable product ___viscosity___.

DO NOT use disinfectants on needles used for

fluid injectables which includes all vaccines.

1.     List 3 preventative measures for reducing the risk of broken needles in cattle when administering an injectable product.

Restrain the animal properly, replace any bent and damaged needles immediately, purchase high quality needles.

Regardless of animal’s age, injections should be given

in the front shoulder slope

NEVER exceed

10cc of product per intramuscular injection site (which is also usually the rule of thumb for subcutaneous products unless directed by your veterinarian.)

create a list of items that would lead to distraction, balking, or distress in cattle when leading up to the squeeze chute

open sides, birds, shadows from fan, sound of squeeze chute,

in the facility, what were items that will aid in lessening distraction as they are handled through the facility

non-slip mats, skylights, open alleyway

what might cattle interpret as a distress call

high pitched noises like blow dryer

black hole effect

goes from light outside to dark facility can make them balk

distracting movement

cattle balk at any unusual movement like chains or coats hanging on fences

high contrasts in color

bright unusual colors can be distracting along with shadows like shafts of sunlight across a dark lead up/fence

something looks different or shouldnt be there

hats or strange items on the fence or ground

time of day effects

when its cloudy theres less shadows and the entrances to facility are not as high contrast

in order for you to see where distractions exist in a working facility, the cattle must work through the facility in what kind of manner

a calm manner

what is the thought behind having cattle move through the holding pens in working facilities to get from one pasture to another

to get them conditioned to being in the pens

curved working systems uses what natural tendency found in cattle

the tendency to go back where they came from

when you stand at the head of a cow and poke her on the butt at the same time what are you telling her

to go backwards and forwards at the same time

why would solid sides be recommended on the perimeter of facilities

so cattle cant see anything outside that may be distracting

what cattle behavior tendency causes a bud box to work well

they want to go back where they came from and a bud box gives the illusion of this tendency

what does it mean when catle turn and face handlers

predator avoidance behavior. the handler is outside of the cattles flight zone and cattle watch to make sure they are within safe distance

handlers should move at a slow ____ and should not _____ or make loud noise

walk; yell

the animals point of balance is the _____

shoulder

if the handler steps behind the point of balance the animal moves

forward

if the handler steps in front of the point of balance the animal moves

backward

a squeeze chute should have sides that are solid and move

evenly on both sides

why arent vaccinations themselves 100% effective

everybody has different immune systems; vaccine may be inactive or mishandled

what can affect how an animal responds to a vaccine

amount of stress, nutrition, must be handled correctly and carefully (refrigeration), placement/administration and whether or not this is done according to the label

how can a company affect how one responds to a vaccine

did they run quality control, adequate refrigeration, EXAMPLE of company perspective - during covid vaccines were hard to come by because company refrigeration went out

how can transportation affect vaccine efficacy

was there traffic, did the wholesalers/retailer handle it correctly

where along the way could there have been problems if a vaccine was ineffective on an animal

administration, handler techniques, transportation, company issues, did the wholesaler/reatiler handle it correctly, did refrigeration go out, was it used at the proper time

why do we wait 4-6 weeks to give newborns vaccines

mom made antibodies through colostrum and vaccine would interfere with this

when do we build resistance before the challenge

before going to shows or being around groups of animals, when going to new places

vaccines must be given to

healthy animals for an immune response to occur AKA no suppressed immune systems

can vaccines be given too early

yes, antibodies may dwindle off by the time a challenge is presented adn this ties back into giving vaccines at the correct time ESPECIALLY with a MLV

luer lock means

the needle doesnt move

luer slip means

needle can slip out or move and it is common in horses

CC’s are the same as

ml’s

when administering 4mls, use a

6 or 5 ml tube as opposed to larger ones because smaller tubes are easier to read to ensure accurate dosages

smaller number guage =

larger opening and stronger needle tip

larger number gauge =

smaller more delicate needle tip

when would a larger needle opening be used

a thicker substance is being administered

subcutaneous =

under the hide and shorter needles are used to administer subq

when would a longer needle be used

for intramuscular vaccines

what else should you take into consideration when choosing a long vs short needle

how large the animal is EX if the animal is small you dont need a long needle to give an intramuscular

steel vs aluminum needles

steel is stronger, less likely to break off, can be detected by magnets in slaughter houses

how can we increase resistance (immunity:innate,acquired)

vaccination (if applicable to challenge in question), proper nutrition, decrease stress, genetics

what is the number one disease in feedyards

bovine respiratory disease

how can genetics increase or decrease resistance

genetics can determine whether or not an animals immune system is naturally strong or weak. EX: all dogs have mange mites but dogs with genetically poor immune systems cannot defend against these mites while dogs with good immune systems are able to fight against them

how can we reduce or decrease a challenge (amount or organism load)

if an animal tests positive, quarantine/euthanize (depending on severity/type of challenge), isolate contaminated animals, sanitize, BIOSECURITY

what does isolating contaminated animals to reduce the challenge do

breaks the chain of exposure

how can sanitation reduce challenges

fomites can be reduced this way ( less tracking of pathogens on inanimate objects through facilities)

what is the cause of west nile

arbovirus

how does west nile get transmitted

mosquitos draw virus from infected birds and transmit to humans and animals through bites when they spit infected blood back into victim

how can we decrease the challenge of west nile

remove standing water or apply pesticides. Stop it at the mosquitoes because you cant do anything about birds

west nile cannot be transmitted from

human to human or animal to animal

people and horses cannot transmit the virus

back to mosquitoes, only birds can do this

prevention of west nile

wear long sleeves, spray horse down, insect repellent, fans

signs of west nile in horses

hindquarter weakness, stumbling, toe dragging, fever,

in 1999, 40% of west nile cases in horses resulted in

death

why does west nile cause weakness of legs and hindquarters or paralysis

it is a neurological disorder

in order to combat west nile or any other disease

utilize both increasing resistance while decreasing challenge to get best results

why should squeeze chutes move evenly on both sides

because if not it will throw the cow off balance which is stressful

how can we diagnose west nile

determine history of exposure, evaluate clinical signs, blood tests

what is the issue with using blood tests to diagnose west nile

antibodies dont show for 2 weeks and disease can cause death within this time frame

treatment of west nile Includes

supportive therapy like fluids, prevention of secondary infections

prevention of west nile includes

vaccines, eliminate stagnant water, use mosquito repellent

how can we determine what core vaccines to give

figure out what core diseases are

what are commonalities of clostridial diseases

the organisms are bacteria, organisms are going to be found in soil, exist in spore or vegetative form, and require anaerobic conditions to be vegetative

why dont all animals come in contact with clostridial diseases

because not all animals have anaerobic situations or conditions that would cause clostridial organisms to become active (vegetative)

when clostridial diseases are in the vegetative form, this means they are

active, reproducing, and producing toxins that cause damage

how can we prevent clostridial diseases

prevent anything that may cause an anaerobic environment

how can we stimulate an immune response to clostridial organisms

there are bacterins that can be used in vaccination programs

what is the issue with using bacterins for clostridial organisms and why shouldnt you put all of your prevention methods on bacterins

bacterins have a decreased level of protection along with a decreased length of protection

how can clostridial organisms enter the body

through contaminated water and feed or through wounds contaminated with soil that close and trap organisms in the anaerobic environment

what is the key to preventing problems from clostridial organisms

do NOT let an anaerobic environment develop in any of the body tissues

cattle often have clostridial organisms present in their body tissues but they will not come out of their dormant state unless

oxygen is restricted in the area of the body where the dormant organism is located

what are the 5 clostidial diseases of primary concern in cattle

blackleg, malignant edema, black disease, redwater disease, overeaters disease

blackleg

clostridium chauveoi

malignant edema

clostridium septicum

which diseases have an affinity for muscle tissue

Blackleg (Clostridium chauvoei) and Malignant Edema (Clostridium septicum)

which diseases have an affinity for muscle tissue

Black Disease (Clostridium novyi) and Bacillary Hemoglobinuria/Redwater Disease (Clostridium hemorrhagicum)

black disesase

clostridium novyi

bacillary hemoglobinuria AKA redwater disease

clostridium hemmorrhagicum

which disease has an affinity for gastrointestinal tissue

enterotoxemia AKA overeaters disease

enterotoxemia AKA overeaters disease

clostridium perfringens

why is it called redwater disease

it causes red or bloody urine because it affects the liver

causes of anaerobic environment in muscle

bruising or accident or injury that damages or interrupts blood flow to muscle tissue (blood carries oxygen)

how does bruising happen

transport, processing, fighting around feeders, squeeze chutes

causes of anaerobic environment in the liver

liver damage due to plant or chemical toxins, fatty liver syndrome, internal parasite migration, liver flukes, liver abscesses

how can a liver abscess cause anaerobic environment

seen when feeding concentrate diets that cause too much fermentation which requires an anaerobic environment which then damages capillaries

causes of anaerobic environment in gastrointestinal tract

overconsumption of highly fermentable carbs (milk, grains) so that no oxygen is left in gastrointestinal tract