physio - bones

what is the skeleton made of?

bones & cartilage

are bones living organs?

yes bones are living organs

how many bones are in the adult human body

206 bones

label the bones

Clavicle – C

Cranium – A

Femur – F

Humerus – D

Metacarpals – E

Patella – G

Sternum – B

Tarsals – H

what kind of tissue is the bone?

connective tissue

what is the bone’s matrix called?

osteoid

definition of axial skeleton

bones on or near the midline

definition of appendicular skeleton

• bones away from midline

• limbs & bones that attach limbs to the trunk

axial or appendicular? - carpals

appendicular

axial or appendicular? - lumbar vertebrae

axial

axial or appendicular? - cranium

axial

axial or appendicular? - scapula

appendicular

axial or appendicular? - radius

appendicular

axial or appendicular? - femur

appendicular

axial or appendicular? - mandible

axial

axial or appendicular? - pelvis

appendicular

axial or appendicular? - sternum

axial

axial or appendicular? - ribs

axial

what are the 7 functions of the bone?

• support

• protection

• anchorage

• mineral storage

• blood cell formation

• fat storage

• hormones production

skeleton function: support

bones provide a framework that supports the body

skeleton function: protection

• skull - brain

• vertebrae - spinal cord

• ribcage - heart, lungs

skeleton function: anchorage

• skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons, using bones as levers to move the body

skeleton function: mineral storage

• bones are reservoirs for calcium & phosphate

• bones release these minerals into bloodstream as needed

skeleton function: blood cell formation

hematopoiesis (blood cell production) occurs in red marrow

skeleton function: fat storage

fat is stored in the yellow marrow inside long bone

skeleton function: hormones production

bones produce osteocalcin, a hormone that helps with many body processes

what are the 5 types of bones? provide examples

• Irregular bones: ex. Vertebrae

• Long bones: ex. Femur, finger bones

• Flat bones: ex. Sternum, ribs

• Short bones: ex. Wrist & ankle bones

• Sesamoid bones: form within a tendon; ex. patellae

how many long bones are there and what are they?

9 long bones

• humerus

• radius

• ulna

• metacarpals

• phalanges

• femur tibia

• fibula

anatomy of long bone: articular cartilage

• Art: at joints

• Protects ends of bones from wear

anatomy of long bone: proximal epiphysis

knobby end of bone closer to trunk

anatomy of long bone: distal epiphysis

knobby end of bone further from trunk

anatomy of long bone: diaphysis

shaft of bone

anatomy of long bone: epiphyseal plate

• growthplate

• made of cartilage which ossifies and regrows repeatedly

anatomy of long bone: spongy bone

• makes up inside of epiphyses

• full of red marrow

anatomy of long bone: compact bone

makes up diaphysis and outside of bone

anatomy of long bone: red marrow

• filled with stem cells

• creates blood

anatomy of long bone: medullary cavity

• hollow space in diaphysis

• full of yellow marrow

anatomy of long bone: yellow marrow

stores fat

anatomy of long bone: periosteum

• “around-bone”

• CT layer lining the outside of a bone

anatomy of long bone: endosteum

• “inside-bone”

• layer lining the medullary cavity

anatomy of long bone: nutrient foramen

• small hole for blood vessel to enter and exit bone

what are the four types of bones cells?

osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

define the word roots: osteogenic

osteo = bone

gen = produce

what are osteogenic cells? where are they located?

• stem cells

• located in periosteum and endosteum

osteogenic cells are the only bone cells to do what?

only bone cell that does mitosis

osteogenic cells divide to form what?

osteoblasts

define the word roots: osteoblasts

osteo = bone

blast = bud/sprout

function of osteoblasts?

• build new cells

  • make bone’s matrix (osteoid) - calcium + collagen + water

osteoblasts get trapped and become what?

osteocytes

where are osteoblasts located?

on the periosteum and epiphyseal plates. makes sense becs bones grow longer at the epiphyseal plates and grow wider along the periosteum

define the word roots: osteocytes

osteo = bone

cyte = cell

what are osteocytes? where are they located?

• mature bone cells

• located in compact bone and spongy bone

what do osteocytes perform?

perform daily functions of bone

define the word roots: osteoclasts

• osteo = bone

• clast = break

function of osteoclasts? where located?

• clean away bone

• located on periosteum and endosteum

when are osteoclasts used?

during fx repair and bone growth (clean away old bone from the medullary cavity)

What is the skeleton made of before it is bone?

Cartilage

“endo” means __

inside

“chond” means __

cartilage

“os” means __

bone

“fication” means __

making

Endochondral Ossification means __

inside cartilage bone making

what is Endochondral Ossification? when does it start?

• The formation of bone from cartilage

• starts in the embryo

What are cartilage cells called?

chondrocytes

Which type of bone cell builds new bone?

osteoblasts

Which type of cell forms when osteoblasts become buried?

osteocytes

Which type of bone cell cleans old bone?

osteoclasts

what is step one of Endochondral Ossification?

cartilage model forms

when does step 1 of Endochondral Ossification occur?

starts 6-8 weeks after conception

what is created in step 1 of Endochondral Ossification?

• Chondrocytes are created to form a “model” of where the bone will eventually be

• The “model” is made of hyaline cartilage

what is step 2 Endochondral ossification?

perichondrium & periosteum

describe step 2a of Endochondral ossification

A perichondrium (membrane around the cartilage) forms around the “model”

describe step 2b of Endochondral ossification

• The perichondrium turns to - bone and is now called the periosteum

• Cut off from nutrients by the periosteum, the chondrocytes on the inside start to die and are replaced by bone.

what is step 3 of Endochondral ossification?

primary ossification center

describe step 3 of endochondral ossification

• Blood vessels enter the center of the diaphysis, forming the primary ossification center (where ossification of the diaphysis begins)

• With ingredients from the blood, osteoblasts begin building osteoid in the primary ossification center.

• Ossification of the diaphysis occurs from the inside-out, starting at the primary ossification center and extending toward the ends of the bone.

what is a crucial ingredient in osteoid?

calcium which is delivered by blood vessels

what is step 4 of endochondral ossification?

medullary cavity

describe step 4 of endochondral ossification

Osteoclasts clean away some newly formed bone in the diaphysis, forming the medullary cavity

what is step 5 of endochondral ossification?

secondary ossification centers

describe step 5 of endochondral ossification

• Around the time of birth, blood vessels enter the epiphyses, forming the secondary ossification centers (where ossification of the epiphyses begins)

• With ingredients from the blood, osteoblasts begin building osteoid in the secondary ossification centers

• Ossification of the epiphyses occurs from the inside-out

what is step 6 of endochondral ossification? describe it

ossification is complete

• The only cartilage left at the end of endochondral ossification is the articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plates

partial bone fx

break that doesn’t go through the bone completely

complete bone fx

break that goes completely through the bone

open bone fx

bone goes through skin and can be seen on outside

closed bone fx

fx does not break skin, aka simple fx

non-displaced fx

two broken ends of bone are still ined up and have not moved out of place

displaced bone fx

two broken ends are not lined up and are moved out of place. need to be set

transverse bone fx

breaks that occur in a straight line across the bone

oblique bone fx

breaks occurs at a diagonal angle

greenstick bone fx

occurs in children; partial fx that caused bone to bend

impacted bone fx

broke ends of bone are jammed together by the force of the injury

communicated bone fx

bone broke into at least 3 pieces w/ many fragments at fx site

segmental bone fx

same bone broke in 2 places, causing a “floating” segment of bone between the two breaks

what does treatment of a fx start with?

reduction

what is reduction and what are the different kinds?

reduction: realignment of broken ends

• closed (External) reduction: doctor’s hands set the bone back into alignment

• open (internal) reduction: surgery is required to secure ends of bones together with screws and plates

how long does the average-sized bone take to heal?

6-8 weeks, longer for larger more mature bones

describe step 1 of fx repair

describe step 2 of fx repair

describe step 3 of fx repair

describe step 4of fx repair