Photosynthesis

Leaf Functions

Makes food through photosynthesis, the site of gas exchange (respiration and photosynthesis,) and stores food

Cuticle (Epidermis)

Waxy substance that covers the stems and leaves, waterproof layer that keeps water in plants

Stomata

Opening in the epidermis mainly located on the underside of leaves, exchange of gases

Guard Cells

Two cells located on each side of the stomata, open and closes the stomata

Palisade Mesophyll

Primary site of photosynthesis

Spongy Mesophyll

Contains air and chloroplasts, site of photosynthesis and gas exchange

Vascular Bundles

The leaves veins, forms the internal framework and transport system of a leaf

Phloem

Moves food from leaf to the rest of the plant

Xylem

Moves water and minerals up to leaves from roots

Petiole

Leaf stalk or part that connects the leaf to stem

Blade

The large, flat part of the leaf

Midrib

The large center vein of a leaf

Stem Functions

Movement of materials (water and minerals from roots to leaves, manufactured food from leaves to roots) supports leaves and reproductive structures, food storage

Cambium

Thin, green, actively growing tissue located between bark and wood, and produces all new stem cells

Bark

Old, inactive phloem

Heartwood

Old, inactive xylem

Sapwood

New, active xylem

Root Functions

Anchors the plant, absorbs water & minerals, stores food, and propagates or reproduces some plants

Root Caps

Indicates growth of new cells

Root hairs

Located near the tips of roots, increases surface area, absorbs water and minerals

Flower functions

Contains the sexual organs for the plants, produces fruit (which protects, nourishes, and carries seeds) Attracts insects for pollination

Sepals

Outer covering for the flower bud, protects the stamens and pistils when flower is in the bud stage, collectively known as the calyx

Petals

Brightly colored, protects stamen and pistils, attracts pollinating insects, collectively called the corolla

Stamen

Male reproductive part for plants

Anther

Produces pollen

Filament

Supports the anther

Pistil

Female Reproductive Part

Ovary

Enlarged portion at base of pistil, produces ovules which develop into seeds

Stigma

Holds the pollen grains

Style

Connects the stigma with the ovary, supports the stigma so that is can be pollinated

Producers

Makes their own source of chemical energy

Photosynthesis

Captures energy from sunlight to make sugars

Chlorophyll

A molecule that absorbs light energy

Chloroplasts

Organelle chlorophylls are found in

Pigment

A compound that absorbs light, different colors absorb different colors of light

Red and Blue Light

Absorbed the most

Green light

Isn’t absorbed, rather its reflected this why plants are green

Grana (Thylakoids)

The primary site for light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Stroma

Surrounds the thylakoids

Light Dependent Reactions

Captures energy from sunlight, takes place in thylakoids, water and sunlight are needed, chlorophyll absorbs energy, energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then light independent reactions, oxygen is released

Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Makes sugar, takes place in stroma, needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere, uses energy to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reactions

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O →→→→→→ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Photosynthesis Functions

Produces food for ALL organisms, provides material for plant growth/development, simple sugars become starch and cellulose (found in cell walls), helps regulate Earth’s environment, removes CO_{2 from atmosphere}

Light Intensity

As light Intensity increases photosynthesis increases to a point

CO2 Concentration

As CO2 Concentration increases photosynthesis increases to a point

Temperature

As temperature increases photosynthesis increases to the point then a decrease will occur if temperatures continue to increase

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate. Used a primary source of energy in cells

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate. Lower energy counterpart to ATP

Chemosynthesis

Making sugar (food) for yourself using chemical energy (carbon) rather than light