(patho, hosa) Zeleman: disease process and terminology (includes cancers and neoplasms)

Disease process and terminology/cancers & neoplasms: 12% of the entire exam

Black death/Black plague

one of the most devastating diseases in the 14th century

How many people did the black death kill in Europe?

25 million people (1/3 of the population)

What is the causative agent/pathogen for the Black plague?

Yersinia pestis

What type of pathogen is Yersinia pestis?

Bacteria

How is the yersinia pestis (pathogen for the plague) transmitted to humans?

through fleas

How can you treat an individual suffering from the Black plague?

antibiotics

Top ten leading causes of death within the United States, as of 2010

diseases of the heart, malignant neoplasms (cancer), chronic lower respiratory diseases, cerebrovascular diseases (stroke), accidents, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes mellitus, nephritis-nephrotic syndrome-nephrosis, influenza/pneumonia, intentional self-harm (suicide)

How many deaths have diseases of the heart caused within the U.S. as of 2010?

597,689

How many deaths have malignant neoplasms (cancer) caused within the U.S. as of 2010?

574,743

How many deaths have chronic lower respiratory diseases caused within the U.S. as of 2010?

138,080

How many deaths have cerebrovascular diseases (stroke) caused within the U.S. as of 2010?

129,476

How many deaths have accidents caused within the U.S. as of 2010?

120,859

How many deaths has Alzheimer’s disease caused within the U.S. as of 2010?

83,494

How many deaths has diabetes mellitus caused within the U.S. as of 2010?

69,071

How many deaths has nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis caused within the U.S. as of 2010?

50,476

How many deaths has influenza/pneumonia caused within the U.S. as of 2010?

50,097

How many deaths has intentional self-harm (suicide) caused within the U.S. as of 2010?

38,364

Ten leading causes of death in the world, as of 2011

ischemic heart disease, stroke and other cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diarrheal disease, HIV/AIDS, trachea-bronchus-lung cancers, tuberculosis, diabetes, and road traffic accidents.

How many deaths have been caused by ischemic heart disease, as of 2011, worldwide?

7 million

How many deaths have been caused by stroke/other cerebrovascular disease, as of 2011, worldwide?

6.2 million

How many deaths have been caused by lower respiratory infections, as of 2011, worldwide?

3.2 million

How many deaths have been caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as of 2011, worldwide?

3 million

How many deaths have been caused by diarrheal disease, as of 2011, worldwide?

1.9 million

How many deaths have been caused by HIV/AIDS, as of 2011, worldwide?

1.6 million

How many deaths have been caused by trachea/bronchus/lung cancers, as of 2011, worldwide?

1.5 million

How many deaths have been caused by tuberculosis, as of 2011, worldwide?

1.4 million

How many deaths have been caused by diabetes, as of 2011, worldwide?

1.3 million

How many deaths have been caused by road traffic accidents, as of 2011, worldwide?

1.2 million

Health

the condition in which the body performs its vital functions normally

Health depends on…

homeostasis

Homeostasis

the relative stable internal conditions under fluctuating environmental conditions

How does homeostasis work?

works through feedback loops (negative/positive) to maintain/stabilize the body’s organ systems, temperature, pH, blood composition, and fluid levels within a precise range and correct any fluctuations before they threaten the body’s health.

Disturbance in homeostasis can result in what?

disease

What is disease?

deviation from normal structure or function in the body that interrupts or modifies the performance of vital functions.

What is pathology?

study of disease → structural and functional changes associated with disease

more about pathology…

pathology includes the study of the causes of a disease, mechanisms, signs and symptoms, treatments, and prevention.

pathologist

an individual who studies and interprets the changes caused by a disease.

signs

objective indications of a disease - typically perceived by a physician

what are signs?

evidence of a disease, observed upon physical examination (ex. abnormal pulse or respiratory rate, fever, sweating)

Symptoms

subjective - experienced by the individual/patient

What are symptoms?

indications of disease reported by the patient (ex. pain, dizziness, itchiness).

Diabetes mellitus type 1 signs and symptoms

frequent urination (sign), extreme thirst (symptom), excessive hunger (symptom), and weight loss (sign).

Asymptomatic

a disease that causes no signs or symptoms

example of an asymptomatic disease

chlamydia (known as the silent STD)

Causative agent/pathogen of Chlamydia

chlamydia trachomatis

bacterial group for chlamydia

trachomatis

Syndrome

abnormal structure or function, characterized by a group of signs and symptoms that usually occur together.

examples of syndromes

AIDS, malabsorption syndrome, and down syndrome.

Disorder

functional abnormality- not necessarily limited to a specific cause or physical abnormality.

Insepction

visual examination

of the external surface of the body, its

movements, and posture for abnormalities

or evidence of disease.

Palpation

feeling the body with fingers

or hands, allows examination of

the size, consistency, texture, location,

and tenderness of an organ or body par

Auscultation

listening to the lungs, heart,

and intestines, allows evaluation of the

frequency, intensity, duration, number,

and quality of sounds originating in the

body.

Percussion

roducing sounds by tap-

ping on specific areas of the body with

fingers, hands, or a small instrument,

allows evaluation of the size, consistency,

and borders of the body organs, and

the presence or absence of fluid in body

areas.

Vital signs

(pulse, respiratory rate, blood

pressure, temperature) are measures of

various physiological statistics in order

to assess the most basic body functions.

Normal vital signs vary with age, sex,

weight, exercise tolerance, and physical

condition.

electrocardiography

record’s the heart’s electrical impulses

radiography

uses x-rays to visualize internal structures

biopsy

surgical removal of and analysis of tissue samples, yields information about changes at the cellular level.

imaging technology

allows physicians to visualize the internal structures of the human body (to form a diagnosis)

computed tomography (CT scan)

uses computers and x-rays to create 3d images of internal structures

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

analyzes tissues responses to a strong magnetic field to create images of internal structures

ultrasound

analyzes the interaction of low frequency sound waves with tissues to create moving images of internal organs

nuclear medicine

uses radioactive materials to create contrast in the body and help form images of the structure and function of organs

prognosis

prepared course and outcome of a disease

acute disease

has a sudden onset and short duration (less than 6 months)

chronic disease

has a gradual onset and a long duration (lasts longer than 6 months)

examples of acute diseases (infections)

influenza, measles, common cold

examples of chronic diseases

heart disease, cancer, stroke, and arthritis

terminal disease

a disease that ends with death/whose course ends in death

chronic disease are the cause of how many deaths in the U.S.?

7/10 (70%)

chronic diseases are the cause of how many deaths worldwide?

6/10 (60%)

What type of diseases is the most common leading cause of death in western countries/first-world?

chronic diseases

What type of diseases is the most common leading cause of death in third-world countries/low-income?

infectious diseases

What four diseases are predicted to be the leading causes of death by 20230?

heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lower respiratory infections (mainly pneumonia).

remission

a period when signs/symptoms of a disease subside/disappear

exacerbation

when signs/symptoms grow more severe

relapse

the recurrence of a disease after weeks or months after its apparent cure

complication

a related disease or other abnormal state that develops in a person already suffering from a disease

what is a common complication of the following: leukemia, cancer, and chronic kidney disease?

anemia

sequela/sequel

the aftermath of a particular disease

what is the sequela of rheumatic fever?

permanent damage to the heart

what is the sequela of polio

paralysis

what is the sequela of PIDs and STDs

sterility

mortality

the number of deaths that occur among people with a certain disease

incidence

the number of new cases of a disease that develop in a specific population over a defined period of time

morbidity

number of cases of disease in a population

How many human immunodeficiency cases (HIV) were there in the United States by 2009?

48,100

prevelance

the percentage of a population affected with a particular disease at a given time

example of prevalence

For example, at the end of 2009 an

estimated 1,148,200 persons aged 13 and older

were living with HIV infection in the United

States

epidemiology

the study of the occurrance, transmission, distribution, and control of disease.

etiology

the cause of a disease

pathogenesis

describes of the cause of a disease leads to anatomical and physiological changes in the body that ultimately result in the disease.

idopathic

unknown cause (for a disease)

what are the chief causes of a disease?

hereditary, congenital, degenrative, inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic, neoplastic, metabolic, traumatic, and nutritional.

hereditary

abnormality in an individual’s genes or chromosomes

congenital

exist at or date from birth: can be acquired through heredity or acquired during development in the uterus

degenerative

function or structure of the affected tissue or organs progressively deteriorates over time

inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic

result of abnormal immune function; infectious diseases are caused by pathogens such as bacteria and viruses

neoplastic

results from abnormal growth that leads to the formation of tumors

metabolic

disruption ion metabolism, the process of converting food to energy on a cellular level

traumatic

physical/chemical injury