Biology Notes Lecture Outline #27

bacteria

most common cause of death from foodborne illness, 65% of all deaths. second most common foodborne pathogen. 40% of all infections

listeria

primarily infect people with weak immune systems and pregnant females. much more likely to kill you if it becomes septicemic

salmonella

infections in children younger than 5 are most common. birds commonly carry.

typhoid fever

is when salmonella becomes septicemic

shiga toxin e. coli

some e, coli are harmless and a normal part of your digestive system, but there are several types that can cause illness and death. e. coli o157 causes kidney failure

cronobacter

gram-negative bacteria. desication resistant survive in dry baby formula

leptospirosis

is the most common zoonotic bacterial infection in the world. transmitted from infected animals through their urine, either directly or through infected soil or water

bacterial reproduction

antibiotics kill bacteria. most work by blocking cell division

binary fission

asexual produces two clones. can be very fast

endospores

bacterial spores that resists heat, radiation, and drying

botulism

caused by clostridium botulinum. occurs naturally in honey. don’t feed babies honey until after 1 year old. very potent neurotoxin.

anthrax

caused by bacillus anthracis. occurs naturally in soil. infect wild and farm animals and humans when they come in contact

conjugation

exchange dna using tube

transformation

bacteria take dna right from environment

transduction

when dna is transferred between bacteria by a virus

antibiotic resistance

bacteria either evolve by mutation, or acquire from another bacterium, the ability to detoxify a particular antibiotic.

rhizobium

symbiosis between bacteria and plant roots that help plants get nitrogen out of the soil

lyme disease

most common disease spread by ticks in northern hemisphere

flesh eating bacteria

certain streptococcus bacteria cause necrotizing fasciitis when they infect connective tissue below the skin

fournier’s gangrene

rare, life threatening bacterial infection causing necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum

cholera

caused by a marine bacterium if contaminated seafood eaten

vibriosis

bacterial infection from eating undercooked fish or shellfish

cullulitis

bacterial infection of the skin

probiotics

bacteria essential for digestion and good health

protists

single-cell eukaryots.

toxoplasma gondii

eggs often in water or litter box

dinoflagellate population explosion

red tide. release neurotixin into water

algae

colonial protists, NOT plants

brain eating amoeba

naegleria fowleri

parasitic worms

fewer than 1% of infections

trichinella spiralis

roundworm causing trichinosis

taenia sp

tapeworms

prions

foreign misfolded proteins that accumulate in brain tissue

fungi

diseases are called mycoses. fungicides kill fungi

polysaccharide chitin, not cellulose

fungal cells are made from

saprobic fungi

decompose dead organisms

parasitic fungi

feed on living organisms Ex. ringworms, athletes foot

haustoria

specialized parasitic hyphae that invade living cells and secrete digestive enzymes

thrush

if antibiotics kill the good bacteria, fungi called candida can take over free space and cause a fungal infection in the mouth/yeast infections in the vagina/diaper rash in babies

yeast infection

a candida fungal infection in the vagina

valley fevers

soil fungi that cause respiratory infections if inhaled

aspergillosis

name given to a wide variety of respiratory fungal diseases caused by aspergillus sp

histoplasmosis

found in the ohio and mississippi river valleys in soil and in bird/bat droppings

mold

rapidly growing, asexually reproducing fungus

yeast

single-celled fungi that live in damp places and reproduce by budding

lichen

a mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus and a cyanobacterial cell or green algae

onychomycosis

fungal nail infections may affect up to 14% of the general population

tinea pads

or athlete’s foot is a dermatophyte fungal infection affecting soles, interdigital clefts of toes, and nails

chytridiomycosis

fungal infection killing amphibians because it consumes keratin in skin