sample midterm

___________ area of plasma membrane and the difference in the _________ of the molecule across the membrane are both factors proportional to the rate of simple ___________ of molecules across the plasma membrane

surface, concentration, diffusion

glucuronic acid conjugation in phase II reactions results in making substrates substantially _______ as it is a large, polar molecule

hydrophilic

___________ requires CYP450 to gain its toxicity to mammals and insects

organophosphates

administration of atropine is an effective treatment for __________

organophosphates

DDE disrupts _______ and prostaglandin, causing ______ thinning in avian species

calcium, eggshell

half-life of B[a]P is shorter than DDT and dioxins because it is not __________

halogenated

DNA ______ formation and DNA mutations are the major toxic mechanism of vinyl chloride

adduct

________ groups undergo phase II glutathione conjugation

epoxide

_________ receptors are a primary target for neonicotinoid toxicity

muscarinic

DNA mutations are NOT associated with dioxin-mediated toxicity. however, ________ disruption, shrinkage of ________, and teratogenicity are.

endocrine, thymus

half life is the amount of time it takes for the _________ of a chemical to reduce by ________

concentration, half

palos verdes shore may be heavily contaminated with ______-

DDT

phase I metabolism adds or exposes ___________ groups, making a toxicant somewhat more _______ and ready for phase II. phase II attaches molecules large, _______ molecules such as ____________ acid, making it more ________ and easier to ___________

functional, reactive, polar, glucuronic, hydrophilic, excrete

to estimate the RfD from an animal-study NOAEL, divide the NOAEL by _________ to account for differences btw test _______ and humans and variation among human __________

100 (10×10), animals, populations

bioaccumulation is the ________ of a toxic substance within ______ organism over time. biomagnification is its increasing concentration across a food _________, often becoming greater at higher _______ levels

buildup, one, chain, trophic

in phase I, CYP450 may add ________ or form a reactive _______. in phase II an -OH group may undergo __________ or sulfonation while glutathion can conjugate with electrophilic sites

-OH, epoxide, glucuronidation

pyrethrins/_________ and DDT interfere with ___________ Na+ channels by preventing their ___________, keeping them open longer. this disrupts action potentials and can lead to ___________

pyrethroids, voltage-gated, inactivation, paralysis

organophosphates are metabolized into the toxic _______ form, which inhibits ___________________-, causing acetylcholine to buildup and overstimulate its receptors. ___________ can restore the enzyme if given before the “aging” process is complete

oxon, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 2-PAM

neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid act on ___________ acetylcholine receptors, causing excessive ________. in the environment, this can harm _________, and ____________ can produce a potentially more toxic product in aquatic environments

nicotinic, stimulation, honeybees, aquatic

hypoglycin A metabolism consums ________, disrupting fatty acid oxidation and _______ energy prodcution, when a child skips dinner, ________ stores may run low because neurons rely on glucose for energy, severe brain energy depletion can contribute to coma

CoA, aerobic, glucose

phase I metabolism of B[a]P can form a reactive ___________ that binds DNA, mainly at ________ creating a DNA adduct. during ________, this can cause a permanent _________ mutation, initiating tumor development

epoxide, guanine, replication, point