BIO181 Module 4

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When a signaling molecule circulates throughout the blood or a similar fluid in organisms without blood, we call this molecule a

hormone

Some hormones are ____ folded into a tertiary structure that has hydrophilic R groups on the outer surface

peptides

What is blood primarily made out of?

water

Since blood is primarily composed of ___ these hydrophilic hormones ____ throughout the bloodstream.

water, easily travel

What do all typical steroids have in common structurally?

Four fused carbon rings

Despite having a few polar covalent bonds, the many non polar covalent bonds between hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms make these molecules more ____ than _____ hormones.

hydrophobic, peptide

The most _____ signaling molecules are bound by a protein when traveling through the bloodstream.

non polar

The functions for each cell depends on ______ released by many other cells throughout the body.

chemical signals

Signaling molecules travel through the body until they _______. This journey can be short or long, depending on where and why the cell is headed in the body.

bind to a certain type of protein

Many types of signaling molecules circulate in the blood to________ of cells throughout the body

coordinate the functions

What kind of molecules are these? Are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic hormones

Are these molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic - how likely are they to diffuse through a membrane?

Hydrophilic, unlikely to pass through due to large size and polarity or charges.

Which combination of labels accurately describes the five components of the cellular communication system?

B.

What am I? I am a signaling molecule, travel to target cells through the bloodstream, trigger responses in a target cell, and can affect the function of any cell with the appropriate receptors.

Hormones

What am I? I have polar or charged regions and am unlikely to diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane.

hydrophilic signaling molecules

An active receptor doesn’t always mean its usual signaling molecule is present. What might you compare to test whether R/Receptor depends on Molecule L?

Remove Molecule L and see how/if R’s activity changes.

Put these bonds in order from most hydrophilic to least hydrophilic.

1.oxytocin 2. dopamine 3. melatonin 4. estrogen.

What kind/part of molecule am I? I bind to only specific molecules and can be found on the inside or outside of a cell.

Receptor

Which term refers to the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule?

phosphorylation

What is the enzyme called that adds a phosphate group to another molecule?

kinase

A molecule has a phosphate group removed by what tyoe of enzyme?

phosphatase

A phosphate group in the process of being removed from a molecule is called what?

dephosphorylation

When receptors bind signaling molecules, which type of cellular response will require the most time to occur?

producing new proteins

Which response can result from phosphorylation of a receptor?

either activation or inhibition of a receptor

Dephosphorylation of a receptor can result in which of the following?

either activation or inhibition of a receptor

Which sequence accurately describes the steps of signaling by a hydrophilic hormone?

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