DNA, Protein Synthesis, & Gene Regulation Study Guide

What is an intron?

A segment of DNA or RNA molecules that do, not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of the genes

Intros leave the

nucleus

DNA turns into RNA through

Transcription

Where does Transcription occur

Nucleus

What is Transcription?

reading/coding DNA into RNA in the nucleous

What are the three types of RNA

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

What is the function mRNA?

carries the messafge from DNA to the ribosome; tells body how to make proteins

What is the function tRNA

carries and transfers amino acids

what is the function rRNA

reads the order of amino acids and links them together

how does RNA turn into proteins

Through Translation

What is Translation

reads RNA into proteins in the cytoplasm on the ribosomes

Introns are cut out by ribozymes/spliceosomes before

Translation

RNA Polymerase adds _______ instead of copies of codons

compliments

RNA Polymerase does not ________

Proofread

mRNA reads the _________ strand of DNA becuase it carries the message

Noncoding

Junk DNA converts to

Introns

DNA Genes convert into

Exons

What are introns?

noncoding sections of an RNA transcript, or the DNA encoding it, that are spliced out before the RNA molecule is translated into a protein

What are exons?

a region of the genome that ends up within the RNA ; parts of the gene that code for a protein

What is a codon

a triplet of mRNA bases that code for a specific amino acid

What is an anticodon?

a sequence located at one end of a tRNA molecule, which is complementary to a corresponding codon in a mRNA sequence

Genetic Code is

Universal

What is a point mutation?

a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence

What is the function of operons

to activate or deactivate gene expression in response to environmental triggers, called inducers/promotors or repressors.

Operons are true to only _________ type of organisms

Prokaryotes (bacteria)

What is being made when an operon is on

mRNA

Repressible Operon

“always” on, unless off; always on unless there’s a change to turn it off

What’s an example of repressible operon

trp operon

Inducible Operon (hint: induced labor)

“always” off, unless on

what is an example of an inducible operon

lac operon

What is Epigentics (“above genome”)

factors that change/decide how genes are expressed in your body

What are methyl groups

DNA “instructions” made from carbon & hydrogen; keep transcription from occurring

What is Epigenetic Inheritancde

the inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence; a parent's experiences, in the form of epigenetic tags, can be passed down to future generations

what is RNA Interference (RNAi)

the silencing of translation; gene silencing

mRNA is

The oppoiste of DNA with U

tRNA is

exact same as DNA but with U

Describe Prokarytotic chromosmes

a circular chromosome is contained in the cytoplasm in an area called the nucleoid

Describe eukaryotic chromosomes

all of the cell's chromosomes are stored inside the nucleus and float around freely. DNA is in the helical and straight/linear

What is the function of topoisomerase

unwinds DNA for replication and prevents the DNA double helix ahead of the replication fork from getting too tightly wound as the DNA opens up

Coding strands (identical to RNA strand) contain

codons

Non-coding strands contain

anticodons