CAE 1

Anterior (Ventral)

Front of body

Posterior (dorsal)

Back of body

Dorsal

Back or upper suraface of animal

Ventral

Belly or underside

Superior (cranial)

Head upper part of body

Inferior (caudal)

Toward the feet or lower part of the body.

Medial

Middle of the body

Lateral

Away from the middle towards the sides of the body

Proximal

Closer to where the limb attaches

Distal

Further away from where the limb attaches

Superficial

Towards the surface of the body

Deep

further inside the body

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body

Contralateral

On opposite sides of the body.

Rostral

Nose

What is the taxonomic hierarchy from broadest to most specific?

Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A cell without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Example: bacteria.

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Examples: animals, plants, and fungi.

Animalia (Metazoa) – Animals

• Multicellular (made of many cells).

• Eukaryotic (cells have a nucleus).

• Cannot make their own food.

• Get energy by eating other organisms.

• Most can move at some point in their lives.

• No cell walls.

Plantae – Plants

• Multicellular.

• Eukaryotic.

• Make their own food through photosynthesis.

• Have chloroplasts containing chlorophyll.

• Have cell walls made of cellulose.

• Usually cannot move from place to place.

Fungi – Fungus

• Mostly multicellular (yeast is unicellular).

• Eukaryotic.

• Cannot make their own food.

• Absorb nutrients from their surroundings.

• Have cell walls made of chitin.

• Often decompose dead organisms.

Protista – Protists

• Mostly unicellular (one cell).

• Eukaryotic.

• Can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like.

• Some make their own food; others consume food.

• Usually live in water or moist environments.

What is Porifera? What are its main characteristics?

Sponges. They are asymmetrical, lack true tissues and organs, and filter-feed through pores.

What are the main characteristics of Cnidaria?

Jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones. They have radial symmetry, stinging cells, and one body opening.

What are the main characteristics of Platyhelminthes?

Flatworms. They have bilateral symmetry, flattened bodies, cephalization, and no body cavity.

What are the main characteristics of Annelida?

Segmented worms with bilateral symmetry, a true body cavity, and a complete digestive tract.

What is the difference between radial and bilateral symmetry?

• Radial: Body parts arranged around a center.

• Bilateral: Body can be divided into two matching halves.