Chemistry Key Terms: Ions, Atomic Structure, and Periodic Table

NH4(+)

Ammonium

OH(-)

Hydroxide

HCO3(-)

Bicarbonate

C2H3O2(-)

Acetate

CO3(2-)

Carbonate

SO4(2-)

Sulfate

PO4(3-)

Phosphate

_ate to -ite

-1 Oxygen

# of protons

atomic number

# electrons

equal to protons

# of neutrons

mass(A) # - atomic (Z) #

s orbital

2 electrons

p orbital

6 electrons

d orbital

10 electrons

f orbital

14 electrons

ionization energy

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom

electron affinity

energy to add an electron

Electronegativity

an atom's tendency to attract shared electrons when forming a chemical bond

atomic size

increases as you go down and decreases as you go across

ionization energy

decreases as you go down and increases as you go across

electronegativity

decreases as you go down and increases as you go across

VESPER theory

Predicts some molecular shapes based on the idea that pairs of valence electrons surrounding an atom repel each other

Significant figures (addition)

rounded to least decimal places.

Significant figures (multiplication)

rounded to the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant figures

leading zeros

never significant

trailing zeros

only significant if there is a decimal

properties of lattice structure (ionic)

High melting and boiling points, brittle, conductive

mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

homogenous mixture

a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout

heterogeneous mixture

a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout

solution

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another

how many total groups, bond groups, and lone pairs in linear molecule shape

Total groups- 2

bond groups- 2

Lone pairs- 0

bond angle of linear molecule

108*

how many total groups, bond groups, and lone pairs in Trigonal planar molecule shape

3, 3, 0

bond angle for Trigonal planar molecule shape

120*

how many total groups, bond groups, and lone pairs in Bent molecule shape

3, 2,1

bond angle for Bent molecule shape

118*

how many total groups, bond groups, and lone pairs in tetrahedral molecule shape

4, 4, 0

bond angle for tetrahedral molecule shape

109.5*

how many total groups, bond groups, and lone pairs in Trigonal pyramidal molecule shape

4, 3,1

Bond angle- 107*

example- NH4

bond angle for trigonal pyramidal molecule shape

107*

(2) bent molecule shape

4, 2, 2

bond angle of (2) bent molecule shape

104.5*

How do you determine the Polarity?

subtract the electronegativity values of the elements in the compound from each other

Nonpolar covalent EN threshold

polar covalent EN threshold

0.5-1.9

ionic EN threshold

_>1.9

Arrows point towards?

more electronegative atom

Aufbau Principle

An electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital that can receive it

Pauli Exclusion Principle

states that a maximum of two electrons can occupy a single atomic orbital but only if the electrons have opposite spins

Hund's Rule

every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any orbital is doubly occupied

converting from C to F

9/5(C)+32

Converting from F to C

5/9(F)-32

converting from C to K

273.15

what happens at 0 K

all motion stops

When does water freeze and boil in Kelvin?

Freezes at 273 K

Boils at 373 K

SI unit for Length

Meter (m)

SI Unit for mass

Kilograms

SI unit for time

seconds

SI units for temperature

Kelvin (K)

Density Anchor

1ml=1cm^3

kilo

10^3

deci

10^-1

Centi

10^-2

mili

10^-3

micro (u)

10^-6

nano

10^-9

Precision vs. Accuracy

-Precision is the consistency of output

-Accuracy is alignment with the targeted value or goal

diatomic elements

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

covalent prefixes

1-mono

2-di

3-tri

4-tetra

5-penta

6-hexa

7-hepta

8-octa

9-nona

10-deca

Where do you find the mass number?

below the chemical symbol

where do you find the atomic number?

Above the element's symbol

how to calculate Average atomic mass

Average Atomic Mass=(𝑚1×𝑓1)+(𝑚2×𝑓2)+...+(𝑚𝑛×𝑓𝑛)

AMU

atomic mass unit= (abundance)(mass)