64, RBC Morphology

Exam 3

How is iron transported

Plasma bound to transferrin

what is the first course of action in a neonatal foal that has clinical signs of neonatal isoerythrolysis (moderate hemolytic anemia)?

withhold colostrum from the mare

what species have rouleaux as normal morphology

feline and equine

which species have issues with neonatal isoerythrolysis?

canine- DEA 1 neg female mated to DEA 1 pos male

feline- A kittens fed colostrum from B cats

equine- in Aa and Qq, all horses lack antigen for donkey blood

What is transferrin

negative acute phase protein

How is transferrin affected by cytokines

cytokines decrease transferrin

what are the 2 storage forms of iron

ferritin and hemosiderin

how do cytokines affect storage forms of iron

cytokines increase Fe stores

summary of mammalian rbcs

anucleate

have repelling forces

anaerobic glycolysis

suscpetible to oxidants, Fe 2+ becomes Fe 3+

morphological features of erythrocytes

biconcave shape in dogs and humans

creates a central pallor

high surface area to volume ratio

what animals have small erythrocytes

feline, equine, camelids

what animals have medium erythrocytes

bovine

what animals ahve large erythrocytes

dogs

what species’ erythrocytes lack a pallor

feline, equine, camelids

what species’ erythrocytes have some pallor

bovine

which species’ erythrocyte has the shortest life span

feline, 75 days

what species’ erythrocyte has the longest lifespan

equine, 160 days

what rbc cell shape do deer have

sickle shaped

what causes blood types

glycolipid and glycoprotein rbc surface antigens

inherited

immunogenic

species specific

why are blood groups important in vet med

blood transfusions

parentage testing

forensic science

what is the most antigenic dog blood type

DEA 1.1

what are the universal donors in dog blood types

DEA 4, DEA 1.1 negative

what is the blood type system for cats

AB system, plus mid

what are the blood type groups for equine

a c d k p q u

what is the blood type system for bovine

eaj system

what is the blood type system for camelids

a b c d f

rbc summary exotics

large elliptical cell

nucleated RBCs

aerobic metabolism

RBC lifespan in avian

28 days

RBC lifespan in amphibians

800 days

what exotic species has the largest rbcs

salamanders

how many blood groups do chickens have

28

what is rouleau

formation: cells lose repelling forces

when is rouleau seen

mostly with hyperglobulinemia and/or hyperfibrinogenemia

what causes rouleau

inflammation or dehydration

what species erythrocytes form rouleaux easily

equine, even healthy horses

what is the formation fo agglutination

antibodies form bridges between RBCs

what is the significance of agglutination

immune mediated anemias

how does agglutination interfere with cell counting

clumps seen as large RBCs

decrease in RBC, Increase in mean cell volume

can result in badly calculated HCT

what is a test for the cause of agglutination

saline agglutination test (SAT)

failure to disperse- immune mediates hemolytic anemic

dispersion- dehydration or inflammation

what is anisocytosis

rbc variation in size

what is anisocytosis caused by

the presence of macrocytes, discocytes, and microcytes

what is the significance of anisocytosis

regenerative anemia- due to macrocytes

could be due to microcytes

macrocytes and microcytes

what causes formation of macrocytosis

incomplete maturation or skipped cell division

what is the significance of macrocytosis

regenerative anemia

correlates with increased mean cell volume

best evidence of RBC regeneration in horses

poodle dyscrasia

what cause microcytosis

increase in cell divisions

what is the significance of microcytosis

iron defecicency due to chronic blood loss

correlates with decreased mean cell volume

breed variation in akita and shiba

age variation: foals <6 months

what is polychromatophilic erythrocytes

erythrocyte darker than normal/purple

what causes polychromatophilic erythrocytes

accelerated erythropoiesis

what is the significance of polychromatophilic erythrocytes

regenerative anemia

purple color caused by RNA- immature stage before normocyte is released from bone marrow

polychromatophils on diff quick stain

reticulocytes via new methylene blue stain

what is hypochromic erythrocytes

loss of color

what causes hypochromic erythrocytes

defective hgb synthesis due to lack of iron

what is the significance of hypochromic erythrocytes

regenerative anemia

chronic blood loss leading to iron defeciency

decreased mean cell hemoglobin concentration

what is pokilocytosis

change of shape of erythrocytes

what is an echinocyte

spiny, burr looking cell

what causes the formation of an echinocyte

alkaline pH of glass leads to membrane changes

what is the significance of an echinocyte

slow drying artifact- crenated RBCs

hyponatremic dehydration (decreased na)

rattlesnake venom

what is a spherocyte

sphere shaped cells that lack the central pallor

what causes the formation of spherocytes

removal of membrane or defective membrane

what is the significance of spherocytes

immune mediated hemolysis

• macrophages in spleen remove membrane coated with antibodies causing cell to change shape

• only seen in dogs

what are codocytes

ofeten referred to as target cells

look like a bulls eye

darker color in center of pallor

what is a schizocyte

erythrocyte that has been split

what causes formation of a schizocyte

intravascular RBC traume

what are schizocytes sen in

microangipathy

intravascular coagulation

vasculitis

what is a keratocyte

shaped like a helmet or a horn

what caused keratocytes

intravascular RBC trauma

what is the significance of keratocytosis

microangiopathy

intravascular coagulation) fibrin strands

vasculitis

what is an eccentrocyte

hemoglobin has been pushed to one side of cell

on side of cell is clear

what causes formation of an eccentrocyte

oxidative damage to RBC membrane

what is the significance of eccentrocytosis

overwhelming exposure to oxidants

what is a pyknocyte

condensed cell where membrane is lost

darkly stained around outside

irregularly shaped

what causes formation of a pyknocyte

oxidative damage to membrane and hgb

what is the significance of pyknocytosis

overwhelming exposure to oxidants

hereditary defects in RBC enzymes

what is a heinz body

an inclusion body

looks like cell with a pie piece partially taken out

what causes the formation of a heinz body

oxidative damage to Hgb

oxidants overwhelm reductive capacity

in anaerobic glycosis (fe 2 to fe 3 cause precipiatation of fe on membrane)

what is the significance of heinz bodies

heinz body anemias

examples: acetaminophen, onions, red maple leaves, zinc toxicosis

cats different- common due to hgb structure