Social Final

Sociologist Karl Marx believed that workers are exploited as capitalists maximize their profit by paying them less than the resale value of what they produce. Marx believed that this resulted in a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement that he called __________.

alienation

In the context of the effects of wealth and poverty on people's lives and social interactions, symbolic interactionists suggest that __________ between nonequals, such as domestic workers and their employers, confirms the inequality of the relationship and each party's position in the relationship relative to the other.

deferential behavior

Kevin works as a clerk at a firm that provides investment services to customers, and earns around $40,000 annually. Upon joining the firm, Kevin had to go through only a brief period of on-the-job training as the job requires him to perform mechanized tasks that require little skill beyond basic literacy. In the context of the Weberian model of the U.S. class structure, Kevin most likely belongs to the __________.

working class

Anne belongs to one of the wealthiest and most prestigious families in the United States. Her ancestors had started a small business that became a huge success; the business was passed from generation to generation and has now become a multibillion-dollar company. Anne's friend Rumi is a hardworking businesswoman who came from a poor family but has amassed great wealth because of her strong business acumen. Despite being the president of a major corporation and a billionaire herself, Rumi has not attained as much prestige as Anne. In the context of the Weberian model of the U.S. class structure, Anne belongs to the __________, whereas Rumi belongs to the __________.

upper-upper class; lower-upper class

The U.S. Social Security Administration has established an official poverty line. The poverty line is computed by __________.

determining the cost of a minimally nutritious diet and multiplying this figure by three

Meredith studies how waiters are treated by diners at a country club to learn about the daily structure of inequality and how these patterns are enacted and replicated. Meredith is a __________.

symbolic interactionist

Weber used which term to refer to the category of wealthy individuals who live off their investments and do not have to work?

rentiers

In the context of the Weberian model of the U.S. class structure, the term __________ refers to those who are with low income, seldom employed, and caught in long-term deprivation that results from low levels of education and income and high rates of unemployment.

underclass

The term __________ includes property such as buildings, land, farms, houses, factories, and cars, as well as other assets such as bank accounts, corporate stocks, bonds, and insurance policies.

wealth

George is a scientist who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2013 for his discovery of a drug that can cure Parkinson's disease. He has a high social status and receives deferential treatment from his colleagues, his students, and others. However, he has lost most of his wealth because of poor investments and now works as a medical assistant to a team of doctors. In the context of Weber's multidimensional approach to social stratification, George __________.

has a high level of prestige but a low level of power

Vestiges of caste systems exist today in __________.

India and South Africa

Who among the following is explaining social inequality in the United States from a conflict perspective?

Tanya, who states that business magnates and multinational corporations use ideology to maintain their favored positions in society at the expense of the underprivileged

Of the two categories of people who work for wages, Weber called white-collar workers, public officials, managers, and professionals the _________.

middle class

For most people in the United States, wealth is invested primarily in __________.

property that generates no income

Marx predicted that the exploitation of workers by the capitalist class would ultimately lead to class conflict, which would result in a workers' revolution. However, no workers' revolution has occurred. This is because:

individual capitalists no longer own and control factories and other means of production.

The Department of Agriculture uses which term to refer to people whose access to adequate food is limited by lack of money and other resources?

food insecure

The sociological term for the movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another is __________.

social mobility

__________ is the most likely to have life-threatening consequences, such as when a person experiencing homelessness freezes to death on a park bench.

Absolute poverty

Camryn started her career as a high-tech factory worker. With experience and by taking specialized courses, she became an entrepreneur and started her own highly successful business. Camryn's advancement is an example of __________

intragenerational mobility

The term pink-collar occupation refers to __________.

a relatively low-paying, nonmanual, semiskilled position that is primarily held by women

Immanuel Wallerstein's __________ suggests that what exists under capitalism is a truly global system that is held together by economic ties; the industrialized, high-income nations in this system benefit from other nations and exploit their citizens.

world systems theory

Which of the following statements is true?

Income is only one indicator of overall human development.

Which term refers to all the goods and services produced in a country in a given year, plus the net income earned outside the country by individuals or corporations?

gross national income (GNI)

The fictive country of Catonia is characterized by a technologically advanced industrial and service-based economy. The standard of living of its citizens is good. Catonia is a __________.

high-income country

__________ states that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact that the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries during the historical growth of capitalism.

Dependency theory

In 1990, the United Nations Development Program introduced the __________, establishing three new criteria—in addition to the gross national income (GNI)—for measuring the level of development in a country.

Human Development Index (HDI)

The fictive country of Daypore is barely industrialized. Its citizens have a poor standard of living. Daypore is most likely a __________.

low-income country

The movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another is termed __________.

capital flight

Which of the following allow poor countries to bring about significant changes in health and education even without significant gains in income?

technological improvements and changes in societal structure

Of the millions of young people who are unable to read or write a simple sentence, the majority of those individuals are __________.

women

The fictive country of Agoria has a moderate level of per capita national income. A few of Agoria's megacities are highly industrialized, but Agoria also has huge slum areas with low standards of living. Agoria is most likely a __________.

Third World nation

Production networks for large retailers such as Walmart are termed __________.

buyer-driven commodity chains

In the context of world systems theory, South Korea, Mexico, Taiwan, Brazil, and India are examples of __________.

semiperipheral nations

Which is a true statement about the levels of development approach?

Terminology based on this approach includes concepts such as developed nations, developing nations, less-developed nations, and underdevelopment.

Low-income economies are primarily found in countries in __________, where half of the world's population resides.

Asia and Africa

In the context of world systems theory, countries that are dependent on core nations for capital, have little or no industrialization, and have uneven patterns of urbanization are termed __________.

peripheral nations

According to Walt W. Rostow, all countries go through four stages of economic development. Which of the following is the correct sequence of economic development stages?

traditional stage, take-off stage, technological maturity stage, and high mass consumption stage

Which of the following statements is true of the Marshall Plan?

The concepts of underdevelopment and underdeveloped nations emerged out of this plan.

What are the dimensions used in the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) developed by the United Nations?

health, education, and living standards

A Gini coefficient of 0 means that __________.

there is no income inequality in the country, and everyone has the same income

__________ is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial group and the inferior treatment of another racial group.

Racism

Josephine, an African woman, relocated to France for her new job. She met Louis, a French man, at her workplace and eventually married him. This scenario exemplifies __________.

amalgamation

Which of the following statements about Chinese Americans is false?

The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in 1882 and was not repealed until 1960.

Which of the following is one of the characteristics shared by ethnic groups?

unique cultural traits, such as language and clothing

The term __________ is used to refer to people and groups that are blamed for societal problems (such as unemployment or an economic recession) over which they have no control and that are incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others.

scapegoat

According to the text, which of the following aided in the assimilation of white ethnics to the United States in the late 1800s to early 1900s?

Participation in sports, for example boxing and football

Which sociological perspective would focus on how governmental laws that are passed exclude members of minority groups?

conflict

The coach of the national athletics team of a European country dislikes Blacks but still picks them in the athletics squad for the Olympic Games because he believes that they will enhance the team's ability to win. In the context of sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, the coach can be classified as a(n) __________.

prejudiced nondiscriminator

Frank, a referee, is a white supremacist, and, therefore, he often deliberately calls a play incorrectly when people of color are involved in a tackle. In the context of sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, Frank can be classified as a(n) __________.

prejudiced discriminator

The primary vehicle driving the increase of the Mexican American population in the United States is __________.

immigration

The systematic killing of thousands of Native Americans by white settlers in North America and the extermination of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany are examples of __________.

genocide

Sociologists use the term __________ to refer to a group whose members are disadvantaged because of physical or cultural characteristics and are subjected to unequal treatment and discrimination by the controlling group.

minority group

Sociologists use the term __________ to refer to a racial or ethnic group that has the greatest power and resources in a society.

dominant group

Despite legislation prohibiting racial discrimination and decades of enforcement of civil rights legislation, neighborhoods in the United States still tend to be racially segregated. Owners, landlords, real estate agents, and apartment managers often use informal mechanisms to maintain their properties for "Whites only." This is an example of __________.

de facto segregation

A _________________ is a overgeneralization that is made about the behavior or appearance of members of specific categories.

stereotype

To some sociological analysts, assimilation is functional because:

it contributes to the stability of society by minimizing group differences.

John recently investigated local banks and discovered that minority groups were charged higher interest rates compared to Whites despite having the same financial backgrounds. This is an example of ______________________.

institutional discrimination

Patrick, an 11-year-old white American, along with his white friends, constantly makes fun of his black peers and calls them derogatory names. Klein, a symbolic interactionist, is likely to say that Patrick's behavior stems from __________.

his imitation of the behavior of his parents and peers

John was recently laid off and is struggling financially to pay all of his bills. He blames the loss of his job on the rising number of recent immigrants who are paid cheaper wages. This scenario is an example of which theory?

The frustration-aggression hypothesis

The way that people are classified according to their racial group in the United States is important because such classifications:

affect their access to employment, social services, and federal aid.