Understanding Macromolecules

Alpha helix (α-helix)

A secondary structure of proteins where the polypeptide chain coils into a spiral, stabilized by hydrogen bonds within the same chain. Side chains project outward.

Beta sheet (β-sheet)

A secondary structure of proteins formed when polypeptide strands align side-by-side into a pleated sheet, stabilized by hydrogen bonds between adjacent strands. Side chains alternate above and below the sheet.

Carbohydrate

______________ are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They serve as a primary source of energy for living organisms and are classified into three main types: monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (two sugar units linked together), and polysaccharides (long chains of sugar units).

Dehydration

Refers to the process of joining monomers together to form a polymer while simultaneously releasing a water molecule as a byproduct.

Enzyme

Specialized proteins that act as catalysts in biological reactions, facilitating and speeding up these reactions without being consumed or permanently altered in the process.

Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down polymers into their constituent monomers by the addition of a water molecule.

Lipid

A diverse group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. They play essential roles in energy storage, insulation, cushioning, and as structural components of cell membranes, and include molecules such as fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids.

Macromolecule

A ________________ is a large and complex molecule composed of smaller subunits called monomers. ______________ are typically found in biological systems and are vital for various biological processes and functions.

Monomer

A _____________ is a small and relatively simple molecule that can chemically bind with other _____________ to form a larger, more complex molecule known as a polymer. ____________ are the building blocks of polymers.

Nucleic Acid

macromolecules that are crucial for storing, transmitting, and expressing genetic information in living organisms. They are composed of nucleotide subunits and come in two primary forms: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

Polymer

A ________ is a large molecule made up of repeating subunits called monomers, connected through chemical bonds.

Protein

large molecules composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.