Visceral Disorders- Exam 3- Biochemical Profiles (part 1)

What is the primary energy source

Glucose

Disorders of glucose metabolism results in

Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia

What decreases blood glucose

Insulin

Serum glucose levels should be evacuated according to

Time of day they were performed

What is the Clarice hyperglycemic disorder

Diabetes mellitus

Fasting blood glucose level is

70-99 mg/dl

Reasons for hyperglycemia

Diabetes mellitus

Acute stress response

Cushing syndrome

Pheochromocytoma

Renal failure

Acromegaly

Pancreatitis

Reasons for hypoglycemia

Insulin overdose

Pancreatic islet cell tumor

Starvation

Liver disease

Addison`s disease

Hypothyroidism

Diabetes symptoms

Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia

Fatigue

Weight loss

BLURRED VISION

Slow healing

Dizziness

Nausea

Polydipisa

Increased thirst

Polyuria

Increase urine

Polyphagia

Increased hunger

What may be ordered when someone has signs and symptoms of high blood glucose or low blood glucose

Fasting blood glucose test

Normal fasting glucose level

70-99

Pre diabetic fasting glucose

100-125

Diabetes fasting glucose

Over 126

If diabetes mellitus is suspected then what tests should be done

Glucose tolerance test

A1C test

Glucose tolerance test is usually stopped after what time

2 hours

Normal value for 2 hour oral glucose tolerance test

Less than 140

Prediabetic value for 2 hour oral glucose tolerance test

140-199

Diabetic value for 2 hour oral glucose tolerance test

Over 200

What two tests for diabetes are a part of the regular biochemical profile

Oral glucose tolerance test

A1C test

What test for diabetes do you not need to fast for

A1C test

Normal value for A1C

Less than 5.7

Prediabetic value for A1C

5.7-6.4

Diabetics value for A1C

Over 6.5

Diabetes mellitus values for diagnosis

Fasting blood glucose over 126

OGTT over 200

A1C over 6.5

Normal fasting blood glucose and 2 hours OGTT

Less than 100 for fasting blood glucose

Less than 140 for 2 hour OGTT

What is the leading cause of failure, lower limb amputations and adult onset blindness

Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is

Insulin depended

Type 1 diabetes is most commonly seen in

Juveniles

What is the most common type of diabetes, most over the age of 40 and obese family history

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diane's that only occurs during pregnancy and disappears after delivery

Gestational diabetes mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus is tested

Between the 24-28th week

How does gestational diabetes mellitus occur

Imbalance between the women's ability to secrete insulin and the diabetogenic hormones of pregnancy (estrogen and progesterone)

Women who have had gestational diabetes have a __________ chance of developing diabetes in the next 10-20 years

35-65% chance

Charcot joints from diabetes

What can cause calcification of small vessels

Hyperparathyroidism or diabetes

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Diabetic coma/DKA

What do you get with a diabetic coma (diabetic ketoacidosis)

Ketonura

Fruity breath odor

Hypoglycemia is

Low blood glucose levels less than 70 mg/dl

Hypoglycemia is more common in

Diabetic patients

Symptoms of hypoglycemia

Anxiety

Sweating

Palpitations

Tremor

Hunger

Two reps of hypoglycemia that occur in people that do not have diabetes

Reactive hypoglycemia

Fasting hypoglycemia

What type of hypoglycemia is also called postprandial hypoglycemia, occurs within 4 hours of eating

Reactive hypoglycemia

Reactive hypoglycemia levels

Less than 70

What type of hypoglycemia is done without eating, also called postabsorptive hypoglycemia and is often related to an underlying disease, various medication s

Fasting hypoglycemia

Fasting hypoglycemia levels

Less than 50

Symptoms of both reactive and fasting hypoglycemia are similar to

Diabetes related hypoglycemia

Whipples triad

Symptoms at are caused by hypoglycemia

Low plasma glute measured at time of symptoms

Relief of symptoms when glucose is raised to normal

Fasting hypoglycemia levels are

Less than 50

How do you measure for fasting hypoglycemia test

Do a 5 or 6 hour glucose tolerance test

-remember its normally stopped at 2 hours

Postprandial hypoglycemia is sometimes referred to as

Reactive

What hypoglycemia is not related to eating

Fasting hypoglycemia

Value for reactive hypoglycemia

Less tan 70

How do you relieve reactive hypoglycemia

East small meals and snacks about every 3 hours

What measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

What is related to metabolic function of the liver and excretory function of the kidneys

BUN (blood urea nitrogen)

What represents elevated blood levels of BUN (blood urea nitrogen)

Azotemia

Nearly all renal disease will

Elevate BUN (blood urea nitrogen)

What are the renal function studies

Bun and creatinine

What mean user the amount of creatinine in the blood as a renal function test

Creatinine

What are excreted by the kidneys and therefore is proportional to kidney function

Creatinine and BUN

What is a better indicator of renal disease? BUN or creatinine

Creatinine (its more specific than BUN)

What are the kidney function tests

BUN and creatinine