CH 8 Orthopedics Skeletal System IPHY 2400

Orthopedics (ortho)

The medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disorders and injuries of the skeletal and muscular systems)

Specialists treat conditions such as:

• Fractures

• Joint injuries

• Scoliosis

• Arthritis

Cartilage, ligaments, joints

The connective tissues of bones (3)

• Included in the skeletal system

Calcium, phosphorus

What do the bones store (2)

Axial skeleton

The _______ forms the central framework of the body and supports and protects vital organs

Includes the bones of the

• skull

• vertebral column

• thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)

Appendicular skeleton

The _______ consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the structures that attach them to the axial skeleton

Includes the bones of the

• Shoulders

• arms

• hands

• hips

• legs

• feet

Primarily functions to support movement and locomotion

Diaphysis

Shaft of the bone (Structure of a long bone)

Epiphysis

Enlarged ends of the bone (Structure of a long bone)

Cortical bone

Dense outer layer (compact bone) that provides strength and support (Structure of a long bone)

Cancellous bone

Also called trabecular or spongy bone; bone tissue with a lattice-like network of trabeculae, found mainly in the epiphyses (Structure of a long bone)

Medullary cavity

The hollow space in the shaft (diaphysis) of the bone, containing red or yellow marrow (Structure of a long bone)

Bone tumor

Types

• Osteoma (benign growth)

• Osteosarcoma (malignant growth of osteoblasts)

• Ewing sarcoma (malignant growth, primarily affects children and young adults, more frequent in males than females)

(Bone and cartilage diseases)

Osteoma

Benign growth (Bone and cartilage diseases)

Osteosarcoma

Malignant growth of osteoblasts

(Bone and cartilage diseases)

Ewing sarcoma

Malignant growth

• Primarily affects children and young adults

• More frequent in males than females

(Bone and cartilage diseases)

Blast/o-

Developing cell prefix

Fibr/o-

Connective tissue prefix

Chondroma

Benign tumor of the cartilage

(Bone and cartilage diseases)

Chondr/o-

Cartilage prefix

Chondromalacia patellae

Softening and deterioration of the cartilage on the underside of the patella (kneecap)

• May cause pain in the front of the knee, especially when climbing stairs, squatting, or bending the knee

• Can result from repetitive stress, improper patellar alignment, or injury

(Bone and cartilage diseases)

Malac/o-

Softening prefix

Fracture (FX, Fx)

A break in a bone caused by injury, repetitive stress, or an underlying disease

(Bone and cartilage diseases)

Stress fracture

A small crack in a bone caused by repetitive loading or overuse (Bone and cartilage diseases)

Pathologic fracture

A break in a bone weakened by disease, such as osteoporosis (Bone and cartilage diseases)

Malunion

A complication of fracture healing. The fracture heals in an abnormal position or alignment

(Bone and cartilage diseases)

Por/o

Pores, small openings prefix

Open fracture

Broken bone communicates with an external wound. The skin is broken

(Bone and cartilage diseases)

Closed fracture

Skin remains intact over the fracture. The skin is not broken

(Bone and cartilage diseases)

Nondisplaced

In a fracture, bone fragments remain aligned

(Bone and cartilage diseases)

Displaced

In a fracture, bone fragments have shifted out of alignment

(Bone and cartilage diseases)

Comminut/o-

Break into small pieces prefix

Spir/o-

Spiral prefix

Compress/o-

Compression prefix

Depress/o-

Press down prefix

Osteomalacia

Softening of bones caused by inadequate mineralization, most commonly due to vitamin D deficiency

• Causes bone weakness, pain, and increased risk of fractures

• In children, impaired bone mineralization causes a condition called rickets, which can lead to skeletal deformities (e.g. bowed legs)

• Inadequate sunlight exposure can contribute to vitamin D deficiency

(Bone and cartilage diseases)

Osteomyelitis

Infection and inflammation of bone tissue and bone marrow, most commonly caused by bacteria

• Bacteria may reach bone through the bloodstream, an open wound, or surgery

• Can cause bone pain, swelling, and fever

• Severe infections may damage or destroy bone tissue

(Bone and cartilage diseases)

Myel/o-

Bone marrow; spinal cord prefix

Osteoporesis

A condition in which bone breakdown exceeds bone formation, resulting in decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures

(Bone and cartilage diseases)

Sternum (breastbone)

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process (what bone is composed of these parts)

True ribs

Ribs 1-7, have a direct attachment to the sternum

Flase ribs

Ribs 8-10, have an indirect attachment to the sternum

Floating ribs

Ribs 11-12, have no anterior attachment

Cervical

7 vertebrae (C1-C7) Neck

Thoracic

12 vertebrae (T1-T12) * Thorax

Lumbar

5 vertebae (L1-L5) * Lower back

Sacrum

5 fused vertebrae

Coccyx

Usually 4 fused vertebae

Pectus excavatum

A congenital chest wall deformity in which the sternum is displaced inward, creating a sunken or funnel-shaped appearance of the chest

• Often called funnel chest

• Severe cases may compress the heart and lungs, affecting breathing and exercise tolerance

(Chest and spine diseases)

Pectus

Chest, breast word

Excavatum

Caved in, hollowed out, sunken word

Kyphosis

Abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine; alse called humpback

(Chest and spine diseases)

Lordosis

Abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine; also called swayback

(Chest and spine diseases)

Kyph/o-

Bent, humpbacked prefix

Lord/o-

Curved, swayback prefix

Scoliosis

Abnormal C- or S-shaped lateral curvature of the spine

(Chest and spine diseases)

Dextroscoliosis

Right sided scoliosis

(Chest and spine diseases)

Levoscoliosis

Left sided scoliosis

(Chest and spine diseases)

Lev/o-

Left prefix

Dextr/o-

Right prefix

Ankylosing spondylitis

A chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine, causing pain and stiffness

• Over time, inflammation can lead to fusion of the vertebrae, reducing spinal flexibility and mobility

(Chest and spine diseases)

Ankylos

Stiffening, fusing, bending word

Spondyl/o-

vertebae prefix

Spondylolisthesis

A spinal condition in which one vertebra slips forward over the vertebra below it, causing misalignment of the spine

• May result from degenerative changes, stress fractures, or injury

• Can cause lower back pain, stiffness, or nerve compression

(Chest and spine diseases)

-listhesis

slipping, displacement suffix

Femur

Thigh bone of the upper leg

Tibia

Shin bone of the lower leg (medial)

Fibula

Thin lateral bone of the lower leg

Patella (Kneecap)

Kneecap, anterior to the knee joint

Tarsals

7 bones forming the ankle and rearfoot

Metatarsals

5 long bones forming the forefoot

Phalanges

14 toe bones (2 in the great toe, 3 in each of the other toes)

Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Order of bones in the foot from ankle to toes

Genu Valgum (“Knock-knees”)

Knees angle inward, toward the body’s midline. Lower legs bend away from midline

(Lower extremity disease)

Genu

Knee word

Valgum

Angled outward word (referring to the distal segment for the disease we learn)

Genu Varum

Knees angle outward, away from the body’s midline

Lower legs bend toward the midline

(Lower extremity disease)

Varum

Angled inward word (referring to the distal segment for the disease we learn)

Hallux valgus

Deformity in which the great toe (hallux) angles toward the other toes, causing a bony prominence (bunion) at the base of the great toe

• May cause pain, swelling, and difficulty wearing shoes

Hallux

Great toe (big toe) word

Valgus

Outward angulation or deviation word

Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot)

A congenital foot deformity in which the foot is turned inward and downward, often with the heel elevated

• May affect one or both feet

• The foot is typically stiff and cannot easily be moved into its normal position

• Early treatment usually with gentle manipulation and serial casting, can often correct the deformity without major surgery

(Lower extremity disease)

Talipes

Foot/ankle deformity word

Equin/o

Horse-like; heel elevated foot pointed downward prefix

Varus

Turned inward word

Joints (articulations)

Locations where two or more bones meet

Suture joints

Immovable joints found between bones of the skull

Symphysis joints

Slightly movable joints connected by fibrocartilage, such as the pubic ______ and joints between vertebral bodies

Synovial joints

Freely movable joints that allow a wide range of movements, such as the knee and hip

Cartilage

Connective tissue that provides cushioning and support within joints

Articular cartilage

Covers the ends of the bones, reducing friction and absorbing shock during movement.

Meniscus

A pad of fibrocartilage found in certain joints (e.g. knee) that helps distribute weight and absorb shock

Ligaments

Strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bone to bone, providing joint stability and limiting excessive movement

• Bone to bone

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Arthralgia

Pain in the joint due to injury, inflammation, or infection from various causes

(Joint, cartilage and ligament diseases)

Alg/o-

Pain prefix

Arthropathy

General term for diseases of the joint from any cause

Dislocation

Complete displacement of a bone from its normal position within a joint, causing loss of contact between the articulating surfaces

Cause:

• Most commonly trauma, such as a fall or sports injury

• Congenital/developmental conditions: abnormal hip joint development in infants can result in hip dislocation

(Joint, cartilage and ligament diseases)

Gout

A form of inflammatory arthritis caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints

• Causes sudden episodes of severe pain, redness, and swelling

• Most commonly affects the base of the the great toe (podagra)

(Joint, cartilage and ligament diseases)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Acute and chronic inflammatory disease of the connective tissue, particularly the joints

• It is an autoimmune condition in which the body’s own antibodies attack cartilage and tissue

• Joints are red and swollen with progressive deformity

(Joint, cartilage and ligament diseases)

Rheuma-

Flow, discharge; pain or swelling in joints prefix

Osteoarthritis

Chronic inflammation, pain, and stiffness in the joints as cartilage wears away and bone rubs on bone