chapter 6 lecture exam

What is cartilage?

Firm, flexible, resilient tissue that resists compression and tension, has abundant extracellular matrix, and returns to its original shape.

What is bone?

Living connective tissue that supports and shapes the body,

protects organs,

and provides muscle attachments.

What are ligaments?

Dense regular connective tissue that connects bone to bone,

stabilizes joints,

and prevents overstretching.

They contain fibroblasts and collagen

What are joints?

Places where 2 or more bones meet

What is the support function of bones?

Bones provide a hard framework that supports the weight of the body

What is the protection function of bones?

Bones protect underlying organs.

Ex) the skull protects the brain

What is the movement function of bones?

Skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons and use bones as levers to move the body and its parts

What is the storage function of bones?

Bones store minerals, mainly calcium and phosphate, and release them into the bloodstream as needed.

What is the blood cell production function of bones?

Red bone marrow inside bones produces blood cells

Describe hyaline cartilage.

most abundant cartilage; glassy in appearance and provides support through flexibility.

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Articular surfaces, ribs, nose, respiratory passages, and embryonic skeleton.

Describe elastic cartilage.

Contains many elastic fibers and can tolerate repeated bending

Where is elastic cartilage found?

External ear and epiglottis.

Describe fibrocartilage.

Resists strong compression and tension (pulling) forces. It is intermediate between hyaline and elastic cartilage.

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs and menisci of the knee

Describe long bones.

Longer than they are wide; have a shaft and two distinct ends.

What are examples of long bones?

Finger and toe bones, humerus, and femur.

Describe short bones.

Roughly cube-shaped.

Where are short bones found?

Wrist and ankle

Describe sesamoid bones.

Shaped like a sesame seed and form within a tendon.

What is an example of a sesamoid bone?

patella (kneecap)

Describe irregular bones.

Have various shapes and do not fit into other bone categories

What are examples of irregular bones?

Vertebrae and hip bones.

Describe flat bones.

Thin and flattened, usually curved.

What are examples of flat bones?

Most cranial bones of the skull, ribs, sternum, and scapula

What is the epiphysis?

ends of a bone

What is the diaphysis?

shaft that forms the long axis of a long bone.

What is the epiphyseal line?

remnant of the growth plate after bone growth in length has stopped

What is the medullary cavity?

hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow in adults

What is the periosteum?

Covers the outer surface of a bone, except at the ends of the epiphyses where articular cartilage occurs.

What is the endosteum?

thin connective tissue membrane that covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the central canals of osteons

What are Sharpey's fibers?

Fibers that anchor the periosteum to the underlying bone by extending into the bone matrix

What is cortical bone?

Dense bone that forms the outer layer of a bone; also called compact bone.

What is medullary bone?

Inner bone tissue surrounding the marrow cavity; mainly spongy bone in the epiphyses.

What do bone cells do?

Produce, maintain, and break down bone tissue.

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

Stem cells that develop into osteoblasts.

What do osteoblasts do?

Produce and secrete the organic components of the bone matrix

What do osteocytes do?

Maintain healthy bone matrix.

What do osteoclasts do?

Break down and resorb bone tissue.

What does collagen do in bone?

Provides flexibility and tensile strength to bone.

What do hydroxyapatites do?

Give bone hardness and resistance to compression (mineral salts)

What does calcium do in bone?

Combines with phosphate to form hydroxyapatite crystals and is stored in bone.

What does phosphate do in bone?

Combines with calcium to form hydroxyapatite crystals.

What is the osteon system?

structural organization of compact bone into cylindrical units called osteons.

What is the microscopic structure of bone?

osteon system, which organizes compact bone into cylindrical units called osteons

What is osteogenesis?

formation of bone tissue and its increase in size

What is intramembranous ossification?

Bone forms directly from connective tissue. Osteoblasts produce osteoid, which hardens.

What is endochondral ossification?

Hyaline cartilage is gradually replaced by bone tissue

What is bone remodeling?

continuous process of removing old bone tissue and replacing it with new bone tissue.

What is bone repair?

Damaged bone is repaired by removing damaged tissue and forming new bone.

What are the four phases of bone repair?

Hematoma formation,

fibrocartilaginous callus formation,

bony callus formation,

and bone remodeling

What happens during hematoma formation?

Broken blood vessels release blood that clots, forming a hematoma.

What happens during fibrocartilaginous callus formation?

New blood vessels grow into the clot, and a soft callus forms.

What happens during bony callus formation?

soft callus is replaced by a hard callus made of bone tissue.

What happens during bone remodeling after a fracture?

bony callus is remodeled, restoring the bone's original shape and structure.