battles

Hoplite

Heavily armed Greek infantryman

Pezhetairoi

Foot Companions: Macedonian phalanx infantry

Sarissa

Macedonian infantry pike, approximately 5-6 metres

Hypaspists (hypaspistae)

Shield Bearers: elite infantry linking phalanx and cavalry

Companion cavalry: formation

Wedge formation

Thessalian cavalry: formation

Diamond formation

Companion cavalry: battlefield role

Heavy shock cavalry

Prodromoi

Light cavalry scouts armed with lances

Agrianians

Light infantry specializing in javelins

Taxeis

Infantry battalions

Ilae

Cavalry squadrons

Linothorax

Linen breastplate

Hetairoi

The king's aristocratic Companions

Basilikoi paides

Royal pages: nobles' sons serving and learning at court

Philotas: command

Companion cavalry commander; Parmenion's son

Nicanor: command

Hypaspist commander; Parmenion's son

Parmenion: general role

Senior general under Philip and Alexander; often cautious adviser

Cleitus the Black

Saved Alexander's life at Granicus

Memnon of Rhodes: proposal

Scorched earth to deprive Alexander of supplies

Philip's advance force into Asia (336 BC)

Commanded by Parmenion and Attalus

Philip II: standing army advantage

Sustained training and discipline

Combined-arms tactics

Different troop types coordinate and support one another

Strategy

Planning the conduct of war

Tactics

Deploying and using troops in combat

Logistics

Supplying and sustaining an army

Leuctra (371 BC): significance

Epaminondas' victory ends Spartan supremacy

Chaeronea (338 BC): significance

Philip defeats Athens and Thebes; Macedonian dominance

Chaeronea: defeated elite Theban unit

The Sacred Band

Granicus (334 BC): significance

Alexander's first major victory over Persian forces in Asia

Issus (333 BC): significance

First victory over Darius III commanding in person

Issus: consequence for Darius' household

His family and treasury fall into Alexander's hands

Gaugamela: date

331 BC

Tyre (332 BC): siege construction

Mole or causeway toward the island city

Tyre: supporting naval forces

Phoenician and Cypriot fleets

Tyre: disputed sacrifice

Melqart, identified by Greeks with Heracles

Gaza (332 BC): defender

Batis, the Arab governor

Gaza: siege mound purpose

Overcome the city's elevated position on a plateau

Alexander: heroic model at Troy

Achilles

Hephaestion: heroic counterpart at Troy

Patroclus

Parmenion at Granicus: advice in Arrian

Wait rather than force an immediate river crossing

Persian naval superiority: Alexander's response

Capture the fleet's coastal bases by land

Hypaspist equipment: scholarly position

Exact equipment remains debated