Georgia Odyssey

Hernando de Soto 1540

Who was the first euro explorer of the territory & when?

James Edward Oglethorpe 1732

When was Georgia chartered & by who?

Battle of Bloody Marsh (St. Simon’s Island)

Battle for land between Oglethorpe (British) and the Spanish (1742). Victory to Oglethorpe

James Wright

GA's third governor who increased GA's population, economy, and growth. Fled before American Revolution.

Nancy Morgan Hart

Patriotic woman who served as a spy. Captured 6 British soldiers.

1765-1783

When was the American Revolution?

Yazoo Land Fraud

4 land companies bribed legislatures to sell them land for cheap. (1795)

James Jackson

Govoner who ceded land from the yazoo fraud to the federal government. (1802)

War of 1812

Andrew Jackson won against the Creek Indians which started the movement of native people to the west.

Trail of Tears

Forced journey of Cherokee Indians to the west in which thousands of them died during it. Ended in 1838.

1789

When could all of GA's taxpayers vote?

3/5ths Rule

federal government called for each slave counting as 3/5ths in regards to population and representation.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin (1801).

Violent and uneducated no matter their social standings.

How were Georgians viewed by northerners during the early 1800s?

Alexander Stephens

President of the Confederate States of America

1861-1865

When was the civil war?

Henry Benning

Debated in Milledgeville for secession from Union in 1860.

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Sherman and his union army destroyed everything from their passage through ATL, Macon, and Savannah. (1864)

James Johnson

Who was the post-civil war first GA governor?

Force Georgia to allow blacks to vote

What was the purpose of the military reconstruction of 1867?

Rufus Bullock (R) ran for governor vs John Gordon (D) and won. He ratified 14th amendment and 32 blacks were elected officials.

What happened during the special elections of 1868?

Camilla Massacre

General election of 1868 where 9 black republicans were murdered.

It turned violent so Bullock fled state. James Smith (D) was elected governor & only 4 blacks were reelected.

What happened during the election of 1870?

W.H. Rogers

Which black officer remained in office until 1907?

Tunis Campbell

Justice of the peace that insisted on equal representation of blacks on juries. Was removed from office.

Crop-lien system

A way for farmers to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value for anticipated harvests. Put most farmers in a great amount of debt.

sharecropping

Laborers with no land of their own worked on farm plots owned by others, and at the end of the season landowners paid workers a share of the crop.

Joseph Brown, John Gordon, and A.H. Colquitt.

Which three former confederates dominated state's governorship and US Senate after overthrowing reconstruction in 1870-71?

Thomas Watson

Won state legislator seat in 1882 and congress seat in 1890. Speaker for the Populist party which grew from the Farmer's Alliance who once spoke of racial unity and condemned lynching. He eventually started seeking the demise of blacks, Jews, and Catholics. Played a role in the lynching of Leo Frank.

Henry Grady

Led "New South" crusade which was a push for the industrialization of GA by gaining northerner investments.

Jim Crow

The system of racial segregation in the South that was created in the late nineteenth century following the end of slavery. These laws written in the 1880s and 1890s mandated segregation in public facilities.

Poll tax, white primary, and literacy tests. Could get exemptions for owning land or "good character"

Which laws were passed to try to keep blacks from voting?

county-unit system

It gave each county or district a certain number of votes. The bigger the district, the more votes. This inacurately stated what people wanted and gave rural areas more votes, which did not represent what most people would prefer.

Rebecca Felton

She was a civic leader that supported women's suffrage and temperance as well as strongly disagree with the convict lease system. Advocated for lynching. First woman to serve in US Senate.

Convict Lease system

allowed private companies to rent persons convicted of serious crimes

Leo Frank

Jewish factory manager in Atlanta who was convicted of raping and murdering his female employee, Mary Phagan. A mob lynched him.

Eugene Talmadge

Georgia's dominate political force for 20+ years. Elected commissioner of agriculture in 1926 and used state money to buy cheap hogs and resell for a profit. Used martial law to break the textile strike of 1934 and when legislators tried to stop his opposition to the New Deal legislation of 1936. These actions lost him a seat in the senate. He opposed higher education and requested whites to intimidate blacks at the polls during the 1946 election.

Invalidated the white primary clearing the way for blacks to vote in the 1946 elections.

What did the US supreme court do in 1944?

Early 1920s

When did the boll weevil become a major issue to cotton production?

Three Governors Controversy

When Gene Talmadge died before taking office, his son Herman Talmadge, Ellis Arnall, and Melvin Thompson all serving as governor between 1046-1948. His son won and stayed in office.

Started during the 1930s and really took off during WW2 (1940s).

When was the pivotal transformation from farms to factories in GA?

Environmental pollutants being released into the air and water. Legislators stopped bills proposed to help fix these issues because of the jobs it created, until the Union proposed that allowed for pollution control with regards to not interfere with jobs.

What was the "price of progress" from farms to factories?

It's educational and industrial advancements made it's political leaders believe differentially than the rest of GA. They supported desegregation.

How was Atlanta different from rural GA?

Charlene Hunter & Hamilton Holmes

Who were the first black people to be admitted into UGA?

It was a myth whites had created in their mind (1946).

What did Katharine Du Pre Lumpkin describe race as and when?

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) began a voter registration in Albany and began the largest boycott which led to mass arrests (1961).

What was the most widely publicized black protest?

Peaceful protest to bring an end to segregation and his great composition skills with his "Letter from the Birmingham Jail" and the "I have a dream speech." His base of operations was Atlanta. Assassinated in 1968.

What was Martin Luther King Jr. known for?

In 1964 there were only 3 black officials and in 1970 there were 30.

How did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 change the number of black elected officials?

It shifted from a almost fully democratic popular state to a gaining more republican interest.

How did the civil right movement and the whites reaction change GA politics?

Allowed for federal government intervention in state legislative apportionment disputes putting an end to the county-unit system.

What was the supreme court's ruling for Baker vs. Carr (1962)?

Carl Sanders, who promised growth and harmony, won the 1962 governor spot.

What was the first election Baker vs. Carr (county-unit system gone) affected?

Lester Maddox

Won governorship in 1966 as a republican, supported segregation and disliked MLK Jr. Worried about riots at MLK Jr's funeral, he heavy-handed police presence and refused to lower state flags to half mass.

Jimmy Carter

Won governorship in 1970 by disagreeing with Sanders "new era" ideas, but then changed his tun upon taking office. He became the first Georgian to become president in 1976. Believed time for racial discrimination was over.

Refused to ratify it.

What did GA do after congress passed the nineteenth amendment in 1972?

During WW2

When did many women enter into the workforce?

H. L. Mencken

Described GA as literary wasteland until post WW1 when the Southern Literary Renaissance writers surfaced.

Erskine Caldwell; "Tobacco Road" & "God's Little Acre"

Who was GA's best selling writer and what did they write?

Margaret Mitchell

GA writer of the very famous "Gone with the Wind" novel where she accidentally reinforced the idea of the nice "old south" in the Georgian's minds.

Frank Yerby

African American writer who wrote the famous "The Foxes of Harrow" whose audience was white women.

Flannery O'Conner

Wrote novels with gothic themes and grotesque characters and was no crusader for change.

Alice Walker

Civil rights activist who wrote "The Color Purple" exploring the relationships of the black community.

Fiddlin' John Carson

Became GA's first commercially successful county musician.

James Brown

Played gospel derived music and was nicknames the "Godfather of Soul."

Ray Charles

Country favorite that sold over 3 millions album copies.

Raymond Andrews

Black novelist who dedicated his "Appalachee Red" novel to all those who have worked the land before him and small towns with rural blacks.

Zell Miller

Advocated in 1990 for a statewide lottery to support education.

"Atlanta. Come Celebrate Our Dream."

What was the slogan invented for Atlanta in preparation for the 1996 olympics?

Brown v. Board of Education

Supreme court voted to desegregate schools (1954).

A confederate emblem was added to the state flag in 1956 after Brown v. Board to support segregation. Governor Miller supported legislation to restore the state flag to post-1956 in 1992 but lost. However, state flags were banned from the games.

What was the biggest controversy faced when prepping Atlanta for the 1996 olympics?

A pipe bomb exploded in Centennial Park which injured 110 and killed 2 (Turkish journalist and Alice Hawthorne).

Why crisis happened during the 1996 olympics?

1990s; by 2000 it was home to 60% of GA's population

When was the surge in growth of ATL's metropolitan area?

The largest population of middle class black Americans.

Who lived in Fayette County?

Over 100,000 jobs were lost due to seeking even cheaper labor out of the country.

What happened to GA's manufacturing jobs between 1997-2006 and why?

Higher and lower end service jobs.

What accounted for a million more jobs in GA between 1997-2005?

Military/Federal

What other types of jobs were crucial during this time for employment?

The end of the 1980s, but cotton production remained low as it was being overtaken by forestry.

When was the boll-weevil problem eradicated and what did it result in?

Produced more than 12 million pounds of neurotoxicants.

In 2004, what effects did the pulp, paper,, and coal-fired power plant industries have on the environment?

43rd place because of the heavy amount of pollutants released into the environment

What was GA's ranking of state health in 2005 and why?

In 2001, he signed a new flag bill into law and upset many old flag supporters.

What did Roy Barnes do during his time as governor with the flag debate?

Sonny Perdue was the first Republican governor to be elected in over 130 years because off promise to restore the old flag.

What happened during the 2002 governor election bc of the flag debate?

In 2002, after Perdue's victory. By 2007 both state houses were 60% republican and the majority of the GA representatives for the federal house were republican.

When was the republican revolution in GA?

Civil Rights act of 1964

Outlawed employment discrimination by sex and race.

Between 1989-2005

When did the pay gap of women and men start narrowing in GA?

The number of women in the General Assembly had doubled to 46.

What did politics for women in GA look like in 2007?

Shirley Franklin

Black woman serving has mayor of ATL in 2007.

1970s

When did political leaders of GA start really making efforts to improve education?

It improved SAT/ACT scores and keep more accomplished students in GA for their education.

How had the HOPE scholarship program paid off for GA?

1980s-1990s

When did the Hispanic and Asian populations start to greatly increase?

They believed they were taking jobs from native Georgians, but Hispanics worked in conditions and pay that the natives would not work accept.

What did many Georgians believe about Hispanics and jobs? What was actually the case?

Only 4 Hispanic legislators by 2007 and two were democratic and two were republican, so they had opposing opinions.

How were Hispanics represented politically?

1990

By when did 2/3rds of Georgians live in metropolitan areas?

Held one of the largest gay gatherings in the nation for over 25 years.

How did Atlanta play a role in the gay community?

Released the production of "Lips Together, Teeth Apart" which made references to AIDS and gays.

How did very conservative Cobb county directly assault homosexuals in 1993?

Protested having an olympic event in cobb county at their 1994 Lesbian and Gay Pride Festival.

What did the Atlanta's gay rights group do in return to Cobb county's 1993 production?

Between 1990-2000, the percentage of georgians who belonged to some religious denomination dropped from 58% to 45%.

How did GA's religious population shift and when?

Rev. Creflo Dollar of World Changers International Church (predominantly black)

Who was the pastor of the biggest and most wealthy mega church in GA? What was the name of the church?

Lewis Gizzard

Wrote southern-style social commentary.

Kudzu

Fast- growing plant brought from Japan to combat soil erosion took over as Ga's unofficial vine.

25th most obese state due to high influx of fast food.

How was GA ranked in 2007 in terms of body health?

Two chambers; house or representatives and the senate. Started in 1751.

How was GA's general assembly set up and when?