IPR Quiz #1 Flashcards

Chapter 2 of Fundamental Concepts and Skills for Nursing

What is health?

A state of optimal physical, mental, and social well-being; absence of disease/infirmity alone is incomplete.

What three influences can shape a person's perception of health?

Cultural, educational, and social influences.

What is Dunn's health-illness continuum?

A dynamic continuum with peak wellness and death at opposite ends; a person moves back and forth along it.

Who influenced current views of health and illness?

René Dubos and Halbert Dunn.

What is a chronic illness?

Develops slowly over a long period and lasts throughout life.

What is an acute illness?

Develops suddenly and resolves in a short time.

What is a terminal illness?

No cure is available; ends in death.

What is a primary illness?

Develops without being caused by another health problem.

What is a secondary illness?

Results from or is caused by a primary illness.

What is an idiopathic illness?

An illness for which there is no known etiology/cause.

What is an inherited/genetic disease?

A disease passed through genetics; sickle cell anemia is an example in the text.

What does congenital mean?

Present at birth.

What are the 3 stages of illness?

Transition (onset), acceptance (sick role), and convalescence (recovery).

What happens in the transition stage?

The person may deny feeling ill but recognizes symptoms are present.

What happens in the acceptance stage?

The person acknowledges illness and takes measures to become well.

What happens in convalescence?

The person recovers after illness and regains health.

Is terminal illness one of the 3 stages of illness?

No. The three stages are transition, acceptance, and convalescence.

What can replace total recovery during convalescence from chronic illness?

Adaptation or maladaptation.

What is adaptation in chronic illness?

Adjustment in structure or habits.

What is maladaptation?

Lack of adjustment; adaptation that results in illness.

What is health behavior?

Any action taken to promote health, prevent disease, or detect disease early while asymptomatic.

What is illness behavior?

Activity taken to determine actual health status and seek a suitable remedy for a health problem.

Give examples of health behavior.

Healthy diet, exercise, immunizations, and regular physical examinations.

Give examples of illness behavior.

Consulting a physician/nurse/pharmacist/clinic and taking prescribed medications.

What cultural differences may affect health care?

Birth/death practices, disease susceptibility, pain responses, hygiene/privacy, and adjustment to life changes.

What is low health literacy associated with?

It can adversely affect patient outcomes.

What is holistic care?

Care that considers the whole person and biologic, psychological, sociologic, and spiritual needs.

In holistic care, what is the central focus?

The person, not the illness or injury.

Who is associated with the philosophical theory of holism in the PowerPoint?

Jan Smuts.

What are the five Maslow levels in order?

Physiologic → security/safety → love/belonging → self-esteem → self-actualization.

What are physiologic needs?

Fundamental physical needs essential to maintain life, such as food, air, water, and rest.

What does security/safety involve?

Protection from physical harm and reassurance that physiologic and safety needs will be met.

What is love/belonging?

The need to feel that one belongs or is attached to others.

What contributes to self-esteem?

Independence, competence, self-respect, recognition, appreciation, and respect from others.

What is self-actualization?

Being comfortable with oneself and certain of one's beliefs/values; striving toward full potential.

What is Maslow used for in nursing?

Determining priorities of nursing care.

Which Maslow needs are most often compromised in acute illness?

Physiologic needs.

In chronic illness, which Maslow levels can be affected?

All levels may be affected.

What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of stability of the internal environment through continual adjustment to changes necessary for survival.

What is adaptation?

A response to change that uses self-regulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.

What happens to homeostasis during stress?

Stress disturbs homeostasis and causes the body to attempt to adapt.

Which systems coordinate to maintain equilibrium?

The central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and endocrine system.

What comprises the central nervous system?

The brain and spinal cord.

What is the General Adaptation Syndrome?

A response to long-term exposure to stress.

What are the 3 stages of GAS?

Alarm → stage of resistance → stage of exhaustion.

Who is associated with the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Hans Selye.

What five factors affect how a person responds to a stressor?

Perception; degree of health/fitness; previous life experiences/personality; social support; personal coping mechanisms.

What is coping?

Adjusting to or solving challenges.

What are the three types of coping responses?

Change the situation; alter thoughts to control meaning; control thoughts/actions to stop the stress reaction.

Name ways to achieve coping responses.

Seek information, take direct action, stop an unhelpful reaction, discuss the situation with social support, and use defense mechanisms to perceive it differently.

What are defense mechanisms?

Strategies that protect from increasing anxiety, reduce anxiety/stress hormones, and help maintain/improve self-esteem.

Can defense mechanisms become maladaptive?

Yes. They can be overused in a maladaptive way.

What is repression?

Unconscious blocking of a wish or desire from conscious awareness.

What is denial?

Refusing to acknowledge an unpleasant reality or thought despite evidence.

What is projection?

Attributing an unconscious impulse, attitude, or behavior to someone else; blaming/scapegoating.

What is reaction-formation?

An intense feeling is out of awareness and is unknowingly acted out in the opposite manner.

What is regression?

Returning to an earlier level of adaptation when severely threatened.

What is rationalization?

Giving a contrived, socially acceptable, logical explanation to justify an unpleasant experience or questionable behavior.

What is identification?

Modeling behavior after someone else.

What is displacement?

Discharging intense feelings for one person onto a less threatening object/person.

What is sublimation?

Rechanneling an impulse into a more socially desirable object.

A student blames an unfair exam for failing after not studying. Which defense mechanism?

Rationalization.

A child hits a doll after being scolded by a parent. Which defense mechanism?

Displacement.

A child resumes bedwetting after a new sibling is born. Which defense mechanism?

Regression.

A person refuses to acknowledge an obvious problem despite evidence. Which defense mechanism?

Denial.

What are common physical signs of stress?

Dry mouth, rapid pulse, rapid/shallow breathing, sweating, shakiness/tremors, increased BP, frequent urination, muscle tension, restlessness, rapid/stammering speech, butterflies in stomach, dizziness/light-headedness, inability to control tears.

What are common psychological signs of stress?

Confusion/forgetfulness, anxiety, irritability, labile moods, quickness to anger, and depression.

What diseases/disorders are listed as stress-related in the textbook?

Headaches, gastritis, asthma, low back pain, connective tissue disease, ulcerative colitis, IBS, allergies, hypertension, cancer, sexual dysfunction, Crohn disease, eating disorders, and infection.

What does excessive stress do to the immune system?

It weakens the immune system, increasing vulnerability to pathogens.

Name the stress-reduction techniques listed.

Progressive relaxation, imagery, massage, biofeedback, yoga, meditation, and regular physical exercise.

Why does exercise promote well-being and tranquility?

Exercise causes endorphin release.

What is Healthy People 2030?

A comprehensive set of national objectives for disease prevention and health promotion.

What is primary prevention?

Avoiding or delaying occurrence of a specific disease or disorder.

What is secondary prevention?

Screening/detecting disease early or detecting return of disease.

What is tertiary prevention?

Rehabilitation after the disease/disorder has stabilized.

Seat belts and helmets are what level of prevention?

Primary prevention.

A Pap smear is what level of prevention?

Secondary prevention.

A cardiac rehabilitation program is what level of prevention?

Tertiary prevention.

What measures can nurses use to reduce patient stress?

Explain procedures/routines, listen and answer questions, provide privacy, show respect, answer call lights promptly, protect confidentiality, check frequently, support rest/sleep, minimize noise, coordinate care, allow appropriate patient control, and keep the environment comfortable.

Which charting term is inappropriate because it is judgmental: agitated, nauseated, fatigued, or noncompliant?

Noncompliant.

What five abbreviations appear on the last PowerPoint slide?

MDI, NGT, Ad Lib, SOB, and IVPB.

Where should you verify the exact expanded forms/spelling of the five abbreviations?

The summer handout; the uploaded PowerPoint does not provide the expanded forms and says to reference the handout.