AGP Exam 2

What are the macronutrients?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur

What are the micronutrients?

Iron, Manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, chloride, boron, and nickel

what is it called when ions and water move in the space outside the plasma membrane - material diffuses freely in this open space.

apoplastic movement

what is it called when Ions and water move in the space inside the plasma membrane - the plasmodesmata allows the direct flow of molecules.

symplastic movement

These proteins form a tunnel across the entire membrane, only allowing one or a few types of specific molecules to move through the membrane. (ex. aquaporin's that allow water to enter or exit the cell)

Channel proteins

Proteins that are involved in the passage of molecules and ions through the membrane. Often they combine with a substance that will help it move across the membrane with an input of energy.

carrier protein

if the plant cannot complete its life cycle in the absence of this element it is called

essential element

If one growth factor/nutrient is deficient, plant growth is limited, even if all other viral factors/nutrients are adequate... plant growth is improved by increasing the supply of the deficient factor/nutrient.

law of the minimum

Why do plants require large amounts of nitrogen?

Because nitrogen is found in all proteins

what are the only two forms of nitrogen that plants can absorb and utilize?

ammonium and nitrate

a series of chemical reactions that makes unavailable forms available to plants.

nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen symbiotic relationship

in a symbiotic relationship, the plant supplies the bacteria with carbohydrates, and the bacteria supply the plant with ammonium

phosphorus symbiotic relationship

phosphorus has a symbiotic relationship with fungi

What are the symptoms a plant has when it is deficient in nitrogen?

an overall yellowing (chlorosis) of lower leaves.

What are the symptoms a plant has when it is deficient in phosphorus?

They show up in the lower leaves which are characteristically dark green and red or purplish in color, if not corrected the plant becomes spindly.

What are the symptoms a plant has when it is deficient in potassium?

lower leaves of broad leaf (dicot) plants first show chlorosis as well as some necrosis (browning) starting at the margins of the leaf. in monocots, symptoms usually start as tip chlorosis that spreads along the margins.

What are the symptoms a plant has when it is deficient in calcium?

tissues collapse and become soft and rotten. insufficient transport in tomato plants, results in brown patches developing on fruit bottoms. calcium deficiency has also been implicated in improper development of poinsettia bracts.

What are the symptoms a plant has when it is deficient in magnesium?

inter veinal chlorosis of lower leaves.

What are the symptoms a plant has when it is deficient in iron?

interveinal chlorosis of upper foliage.

Micronutrient saying - cousin clement is coming in February for money

Cu Zn Cl Mn Fe B Mo Ni

macronutrient saying - C Hopkins Cafe, Mighty Good

C HOPKNS CaFe Mg

What is the primary function of the leaf? Secondary?

Photosynthesis

transpiration

A leaf form where the leaf has narrow blades with parallel veins.

Monocot leaves

A leaf form described as "broad leaf", various shapes. Most have netted veins.

Dicot leaves

A dicot leaf structure that has broad, thin tissue (lamina).

Blade

A dicot leaf structure that is a small stem like structure that attaches the blade to the stem.

Petiole

A dicot leaf structure that tis the central structure that runs the length of the blade.

Midrib

A dicot leaf structure that is the area at the base of petiole where the leaf actually attaches.

Stipules

A dicot leaf structure that attach directly to a stem and lack a petiole and stipule.

Sessile leaves

What are the two classifications of leaf shapes?

Dicot and Monocot

Leaf shape that has one undivided blade

simple leaves

leaf shape that consists of several leaflets

compound leaves

compound leaf where leaflets are arranged in pair along the leaf axis

pinnate compound leaf

compound leaf where all leaflets are attached to the petiole at one place

palmate compound leaf

compound leaf where leaflets are sub-divided

pinnately compound

name these leaf arrangements

opposite, alternate, whorled, and basal

monocot leaf structure that has narrow linear tissue with parallel veins

blade

monocot leaf structure where the blade forms covering around the stem

sheath

monocot leaf structure where a row of fine hairs are present at the junction of the blade and shealth

ligule

monocot leaf structure that is a “hinge” like structure that tilts the blade away from the plant

auricles

the product of photosynthesis is moved from the areas of production into non-productive material

sugars

what is the source of sugars in plants

mature mesophyll cells, parenchyma cells; leaves and some stem tissue

where do the sugar sink in the plant

plant parts that are non-photosynthetic; roots, fruit, grain

Sugars pass from areas of _____ _____ to _____ _____. What does this do to the translocation of sugars

High pressure, low pressure, it causes the translocation of sugars from source to sink a continuous flow.

What are the functions of the flower?

reproductive structure of the plant

produces fruit, which protects, nourishes and carries the seed

attracts pollinators

What are the four parts of a complete flower?

calyx (sepals)

corolla (petals)

staminate/stamen

carpel (pistil)

outermost, leaf-like covering of a flower; usually green

sepals/calyx

flower part just inside the sepals; often conspicuously colored to attracted pollinators

petals/corolla

portion of the flower that consists of a filament and an anther where pollen is produced

stamens

the elongated stalk of a stamen

filament

pollen bearing portion of the stamen (usually has four chambers)

anther

portion of the flower that consists of the stigma, style, ovary, and ovule

carpel/pistil

the enlarged, ovule-bearing portion of the carpel that develops into a fruit

ovary

elongated, central portion of the carpel between the ovary and stigma

style

in flowering plants, portion of the carpel where pollen grains adhere and germinate before fertilization can occur

stigma

contains the female gamates

ovule

the ovary becomes the WHAT?

FRUIT

The ovule becomes the WHAT?

SEED

a perfect flower has both the ____ and the ____ but may be missing either the ______ and/or the _____

stamen, carpel, corolla, and calyx

Examples of a perfect flower

rice, wheat, barley, fescue, timothy, and grasses

an imperfect flower is one that is missing either the ______ or the _____ structure

stamen, carpel

imperfect flower examples

cotton, corn, squash, holly, some fruit

the grass flower possesses no _____ and/or _____

but most have the ____ and ____ present

petals, sepals

carpel, stamen

grass flower structure that absorbs water to expand and open the flower bracts

lodicules

lower bract of the grass flower

lemma

upper bract of the grass flower

palea

the movement of pollen from one flower to another

cross pollination

the movement of pollen in the same flower from the anther to the stigma

self pollination

What are the functions of the seeds?

embryo protection and nourishment

dispersal

dormancy

allows seeds to wait until environmental conditions are ideal before germinating

dormancy

External seed structures

seed coat, hilum

(Testa/Pericarp)- protective layer that encases the seed

seed coat

Scar that marks the seeds point of attachment to the seed pod

hilum

internal seed structures

cotyledon, epicotyl hypocotyl, plumule, radical, and endosperm

a seed leaf that stores food for the embryo

cotyledon

region of embryonic seedling stem above the cotyledon

epicotyl

stem that lies directly above the lateral roots and below the first node

hypocotyl

leaves that are attached to the second node

plumule

embryonic root

radical

area of starch storage in seeds (found mainly in monocots)

endosperm

What are the characteristics of water?

solvency

high surface tension

high heat capacity

cohesion

adhesion

varying density

water molecules ability to cling to one another due to the hydrogen bonding

cohesion

waters ability to cling to other polar surfaces

adhesion

what allows water to flow, water molecules do not separate?

what helps to prevent backward flow?

cohesion

adhesion

_______ held by and moving within _____ supplies the plant with ____ ____ and _____ as well as ______

water, soil, mineral nutrients, oxygen, water

it moves through soil pore spaces in liquid/gaseous states.

water

when pore spaces are filled with water what are they considered?

saturated

when pore spaces have water available for plant growth, but aren’t overly filled, what are they considered?

field capacity

what is it called when there is no more water available to plants?

wilting point

causes water to move downward and is the principal force when a soil is saturated

gravity

what moves sugars up and down the plant?

what moves sugars around the whole plant?

xylem

phloem

what is water potential measured in?

units of pressure; atmosphere (atm) and megapascal (MPa).

One atm = ____ MPa, which also equals ____ MPa W

-0.101, 0.101

saturated soil with the atmosphere at 100% relative humidity has a water potential of what?

zero

what happens to soil water potential as water drains away?

it decreases

when _____ _____ exceeds ______ ______, water no longer drains.

negative potential, gravitational pull

______ water potential from the soil through the plant to the atmosphere creates ______ that pulls the cohesive chain of _____ ______ from the soil into the roots, through the ______ of the _____ and _____ and out into the __________

decreasing, tension, water molecules, xylem, stem, leaves, atmosphere

water flow from the roots to the uppermost leaves is called what?

transpiration stream

the transpiration pull in the leaves is created by what?

evaporation

water potential difference is created between what two things?

dry mesophyll cells and the walls of adjacent moist cells.