Pharm Sci Exam 1 (Lamango)

Alkyl Halide

Epoxide

Alkene

Polyene

Alkyne

Phenol

Sulfonamides

Sulfone

Amide

Amine

Phenyl

Benzyl

Aryl Halide

Carboxylic Acid

Thiol

Methoxy

Ethoxy

Ether

Ester

Thioether

Aromatic Amine

N-hydroxylamine

Aldehyde

Ketone

Catechol

Resorcinol

Hydroquinone

Is there a nitrogen present?

No, not basic

Yes, Is the nitrogen a quaternary atom?

Is the nitrogen a quaternary atom?

Yes, not basic

No, is the nitrogen directly connected to a EWG?

Is the nitrogen directly connected to a EWG?

Yes, not basic

No, basic

Isomers

Compounds with the same formula but different structures.

Positional Isomers

constitutional isomers with the same carbon-carbon chain arrangement but different hydrogen atom arrangements as the result of differing location of the functional group/atom/group of atoms.

Tautomes

migration of hydrogen atom and a shift in position of double bond

Conformational Isomers

differ by rotation around a single bond

Staggered Conformation

Eclipsed Conformation

Gauche Conformation

Partially Eclipsed Conformation

Configurational Isomer

can only be interchanged by breaking and reforming bonds

Cis

same side

Trans

opposite side

Z isomer

high priority groups on same side of double bond

E isomer

high priority groups on opposite sides of double bond

R-configuration

clockwise

S-configuration

counterclockwise

Acids

proton donors

Bases

proton acceptors

Amphoteric

a substance that can act as both an acid and a base

pKa

STRONG ACID

NO BASIC PROPERTIES

pKa 4-6

WEAK ACID

VERY WEAK BASE

pKa 8-10

VERY WEAK ACID

WEAK BASE

pKa >12

NO ACID PROPERTIES

STRONG BASE

pH=pKa

percent ionization = 50% (half ionized and half unionized)

higher P (>1)

more organic soluble

lower P (

more water soluble

increase pH of base

less ionization

decrease pH of base

more ionization