human anatomy study guide

Maintaining boundaries

Separating internal body conditions from the outside environment.

Movement

Movement of the whole body, organs, cells, or substances within the body

Responsiveness

Ability to sense and respond to changes in the environment.

Digestion

Breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used.

Metabolism

All chemical reactions occurring in the body.

Excretion

Removing waste products from the body.

Reproduction

Producing new cells or producing a new organism.

Growth

Increasing cell size, number, or amount of material

Survival needs

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, regular atmospheric pressure

Anatomy

study of body structure

Gross anatomy

Study of structures visible without a microscope

Microscopic anatomy

Study of structures that require a microscope

Physiology

Study of how the body and its parts function

Cell

basic structural and functional unit of life

Cytology

Study of cells

Histology

study of tissues

Six levels of Structural Organization

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Anatomical position

Standing Upright, facing forward, arms at side, palms facing forward, head level, eyes forward, feet flat and directed forward

cephalic

head

cranial

Skull/brain region

facial

neck

Cervical

Neck

Thoracic

chest

sternal

sternum

Abdominal

Abdomen

Dorsal

Back

Vertebral

Spinal Column

Acromial

shoulder

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Arm

Antecubital

front of elbow

olecranal

back of elbow

Antebrachial

forearm

Carpal

Wrist

palmar

Palm

Digital/phalangeal

finger

Coxal

hip

femoral

thigh

patellar

front of knee

popliteal

back of knee

Crural

lower leg

Sural

calf

Tarsal

ankle

Calcaneal

Heel

Medial

toward the midline

lateral

Away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

further from the point of attachment

Anterior

toward the front

Posterior

Toward the back

Superior

Towards the head

Inferior

Away from the head

External

toward/outside the body

internal

toward/inside the body

Superficial

toward the surface

Deep

Further away from the surface

Ventral

toward the front

Dorsal

Toward the back

Cranial

toward the head

Caudal

toward the tail/lower part of body

Palmar

Palm of hand

Plantar

Sole of foot

Ipsilateral

Same side

Bilateral

Both sides

Contralateral

Opposite sides

Tranvserse/Cross Section

Inferior/Superior

Saggital

Left/Right

Midsagital

Cuts body into equal left and right

Parasagittal

Cuts body into unequal left and right

Frontal/Coronal

Anterior/Posterior

cranial cavity

inside skull; brain

Verterbral

Contains spinal cord

Thoracic

Located in the chest

Abdominopelvic

Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Right Upper Quadrant

Liver, gallbladder,

Left Upper Quadrant

spleen, stomach

Right lower quadrant

Appendix

Left lower Quadrant

Small/Larger intestine

Hydrophilic Head

Attracted to water

Hydrophobic Tails

Repels water

Protein “islands”

Transport substances, act as receptors, cell communication

Cholesterol

Stabilize membrane, Maintain Membrane fluidity, prevent rigidty

Tight junctions

leak proof seal between cells

Desmosomes

hold cells tightly together

Gap Junctions

create channels between neighboring cells

Selectively Permeable

allows substances to cross and not cross

Diffusion

High concentration-low concentration

Osmosis

diffusion of water

Solute

substance being dissolved

solvent

substance doing the dissolving

solution

a mixture of solute and solvent

Filtration

movement of water and small substances through a membrane with pressure

Cotransport

uses the movement of one substance to move another substance

Symport

both substances move in the same direction

Antiport

substances move in opposite directions

Endocytosis

cell membranes surround material and bring it into the cell

Pinocytosis

takes in fluid and dissolved substances

Phagocytosis

takes in large particles/cells

Exocytosis

cell moves substances out of the cell

Isotonic

water moves in and out at same rate