Global Security and Fusion Midterm Exam

Global Security

Empowers the global community to address international and transnational security issues, such as countering terrorism, nuclear proliferation, cyber defense, disaster and humanitarian relief, and conflict resolution through multilateral security cooperation, capacity building and information sharing

Schengen Agreement

This was signed in Luxembourg on 14 JUN 1985, but was fully implemented in 1995. This allows for the free movement of people, trains, trucks, and other vehicles. It means that there are no passports/visa checks at the 29 member states’ borders. It is currently under intense scrutiny due to displaced migrants (such as from Syria/Iraq).

What are the critical global security mission sets?

1. Intelligence and information sharing

2. Border and transportation security

3. Maritime security

4. Counterterrorism

5. Critical infrastructure protection (CIP)

6. Defense against catastrophic threats

7. Emergency preparedness and response

Colonel Duggleby’s Top Six Threats

1. Catastrophic Terrorist Attack with CBRNE

2. Chinese espionage against the US (cuber, illegals posing as migrants/students)

3. Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

4. Regional instability: Russia/Ukraine, Iran/Middle East, India/Pakistan, China/Taiwan

5. Cyberattack on critical infrastructure

6. Drug cartels and transnational criminal organizations (fentanyl, human trafficking)

States and sovereignty

Only ____ hold ____ and exercise authority over territory. ____ have “national interests,” which drive decision-making and policy. History, culture, and religion play a major role within a ____, as does nationalism and pride! The US is the only remaining true superpower following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. We are the only United “States.” The European Union is not. There are strong ____, fragile ____, and failed _____.

Most Stable Countries

Denmark, New Zealand, Finland, Singapore, Sweden, and Switzerland.

Least Stable Countries

North Korea, Yemen, South Sudan, Syria, and Somalia.

Intergovernmental Organizations- Global Organizations

United Nations and Interpol.

Intergovernmental Organizations- Regional Organizations

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), European Union (EU), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).

Strengths of Intergovernmental Organizations

1. Hold state-like authority

2. Permanent institutions

3. Forum for discussion and information sharing

4. Foster multilateral cooperation

Weaknesses of Intergovernmental Organizations

1. Membership is limited

2. Member states must give up some sovereignty- weakens individual state authority

3. Inequality between states

4. Agreement by Consensus (NATO)

United Nations

This organization was established 24 OCT 1945 based on the __ Charter of the same year as a replacement for the League of Nations. This organization was established to prevent another world war. This organization has 193 member states and two observer states (Holy See and Palestine). There are 15 nations in this organization’s Security Council with five permanent members (US, UK, France, China, and Russia). It is dedicated to the eradication of terrorism worldwide through the Security Council but primarily enforces UN Resolutions around __ Resolutions around the world in Peacekeeping Operations. Adopted a Global Counterterrorism Strategy in SEP 2006, which is designed to enhance national and international efforts to combat terror.

Interpol

This is the largest police organization in the world, with its headquarters in Lyon, France. There are 196 member countries, including the US, China, Afghanistan, Venezuela, Russia, and Iran. North Korea is not welcome. Its National Central Bureaus (NCB) coordination allows for cross-border investigations and focuses on law enforcement communications and information sharing, as well as cooperate daily to combat migrant smuggling/illicit trafficking, cybercrime and many others. This maintains a close, working relationship and maintains representative offices in the UN and EU.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

This was signed on 04 APR 1949 by 12 founding members, including the US. Expanded 11 separate times over 76 years to its current 32 members. Its newest member, Sweden, on 07 MAR 2024. This organization votes by “consensus,” and if any one ally “breaks silence” can negate an alliance decision.

NATO Response Force

Not a standing military, but capitalizes on niche capabilities. It comes together as needed (Baltic Air Policing mission).

NATO-Russia Council

This was suspended on 01 APR 2014 due to Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea and occupation of eastern Ukraine.

Article V of NATO

An attack on one is an attack on all! It was invoked for the first time ever after 9/11. Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) and NATO-led operations in Afghanistan (International Security Assistance Force [ISAF]).

NATO Defense Spending

NATO demands that its members spend at least 2% of their GDP on defense, though US President Trump is pushing for 5%. Before President Trump required 2% spending on defense, only five allies met this threshold. By the end of 2024, 23/31 allies were at at least 2%. Poland spends the most, spending 3.9% of its GDP on defense, with the US spending 3.49%.

Which NATO allies spend less than 2% of their GDP on defense?

Croatia, Portugal, Italy, Canada, Belgium, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Spain.

NATO Centers of Excellence (COE)

There are 30 centers around the globe- mostly Europe. The US partners with and is on the staff of all of them with Subject Matter Experts (SMEs). It mostly trains military, but also civilians in the security sector, and prepares allies and partner nations for real-world situations and operations.

NATO COE Locations to Remember

Romania (HUMINT), Hungary (Military Medicine), Estonia (Cooperative Cyber Defense), Turkey (Defense Against Terrorism), and Bulgaria (Crisis Management and Disaster Response).

Multilateral Planning Considerations

1. Command and Control

2. Communications Systems Compatibility

3. Language, Culture, and Sovereignty

4. Intelligence Sharing (Bilateral v. Multilateral)

5. Host Nation Support for Health Services

6. Multinational Logistics and Interoperability (ACSA)

7. Legal Protections (SOFA)

Types of Multinational Treaties and Agreements

ANZUS, Geneva Conventions, Schengen Agreement (Treaty), Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA), and Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA).

ANZUS Treaty

This is a collective security agreement between Australia, New Zealand, and the US- and is a military alliance. It was signed on 01 SEP 1951, and Australia and New Zealand are the only two non-NATO members of the Five-Eye club. New Zealand is a nuclear-free zone (and is a tenuous ally). An armed attack on one (like NATO) would be “dangerous” to others, “likely” resulting in a response. Both Australia and New Zealand immediately sent troops to Afghanistan- Australia sent 1,550 troops, the largest non-NATO contributor.

Geneva Conventions

These comprise four treaties and three additional protocols. Protocols I and II protect victims of international and non-international armed conflicts. Protocol III adopted an additional distinctive emblem (the Red Cross). This was initially negotiated in 1949 following WWII, with the fourth convention updating the terms of first three. It establishes the standards of international law for the humane treatment of people. It applies only in times of war and when soldiers are no longer combatants (prisoners of war, sick/wounded personnel, shipwrecked personnel). Basically, this defines the rights and protections of wartime prisoners. 196 countries ratified the treaty during the fourth convention of 1949.

Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA)

This is an agreement between a host country and a foreign nation stationing military forces in that country. It establishes the rights and privileges of foreign personnel, and is most concerned with legal protections of military personnel. The US military has the largest foreign presence abroad and account for most ____s (Germany, South Korea). Other countries also station their troops on foreign soil and negotiate their own ____s (UK, France, Germany).

Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA)

This is a bilateral negotiation between the US and our allies (or coalition partners) that allow our forces to exchange logistical support (such as fuel, ammunition, equipment, or food). This support can be exchanged for reimbursement in cash, replacement in kind, or equal value exchange. ____s diminish logistic burdens (transportation costs, shipping), which enhances operational readiness. The US has ____s with about 80 countries, mostly NATO nations.

What is intelligence?

This is the timely flow of analyzed information. It is also the process by which specific types of information important to national security are requested, collected, analyzed, and provided to policy makers. This is also the products of that process, safeguarding these processes and this information through counterintelligence activities, and conducting operations as requested by lawful authorities.

Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA)

This was approved by the Senate, with POTUS signing it on 17 DEC 2004, making it law. It created the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) to improve information sharing, promote a strategic, unified direction, and ensure integration across the nation’s intelligence community, The ODNI stood up on 21 APR 2005 and is led by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), Jay Clayton.