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Temporary reflexes

Reflexes that disappear within the first year of a newborn’s life (for example sucking or rooting)

Which sensory capacity is most mature at birth

touch and pain

which sensory capacity is least developed at birth

Sight

Cephalocaudal principle

growth proceeds from top to bottom

proximodistal principle

growth proceeds from the center outward

What occurs in the brain development of a newborn (6 points)

formation of neuron, structure elaboration and differentiation of specialized neurons, synapse development, myelination, connection of brain regions, pruning off excess synapse

How does experience impact brain development

Experiences can impact myelination, enact specific stimuli to activate specific functions of neurons, and the formation and pruning of synapses, newborns are especially sensitive the experiences

Low birthweight babies

Immune systems are not fully developed, and neurological systems are immature; usually, this doesn’t impact cognitive and social development, with the exception to extreme cases

What are the short-term (1) and long-term (3) methods in treating low birthweight babies

ST: Massage (causes more weight gain); LT: enriched environment, stable homes, sustained effort into later periods of development

Autism

Pervasive disorder that impairs social interactions and communication, along with highly restricted interests and activities; varying degrees of impairment; abnormal brain development; Sooner treatment leads to better ability to treat it

Depth perception

The ability to assess height, usually developed after a baby develops the ability to crawl and a fear of height

Techniques of studying infant development

Observational: eye movement and preferential looking (the ability to detect the difference in two sights); Evoked: EEG testing to test infants’ ability to detect a new stimulus

habituation

The decrease in attention that occurs when the same stimulus is presented repeatedly

Dishabituation

increase to a stimulus after habituation to the previous stimulus

What was piaget’s theory of child development

Children have an innate ability to adapt to their environment and are active learners

Sensorimotor stage

The first stage in cognitive development is when infants learn through their senses and motor activities

Circular reactions

processes by which infants learn to reproduce desired events or experiences originally discovered by chance

Primary circular reaction

Occurs 1-4 months old; learn to repeat pleasant bodily sensation first achieved by chance

Secondary circular reaction

occurs 4-8 months old; infants find that they can make interesting things happen outside their own body

Coordination of secondary schemes

Occurs 8 - 12 months old; Goal-oriented behaviors that involve multiple schemes

Tertiary circular reactions

Occurs 12-24 months old; Experimentation with new behaviors to produce desired event (not just repetition)

Mental combinations

Occurs 18-24 months old; Mentally represent objects and events in memory

Object permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist when they are out of sight; fully developed by 18-24 months

What are the 3 major developments in the first 3 years

Categorization, numbering (both occur between 18-24months) , and causality (between 4-12 months)

What is violation of expectation research technique

A research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus is used to determine if an infant finds that new stimulus surprising

What did the Visual Object experiment (VOE) demonstrate

Presented a counter to the timeline Piaget proposed, ranging all the previous major developments within this age to occur within a year

prelinguistic vocalization

utterance of sounds in the first year of life before infants speak

What are segmentation errors

mistakes in detecting boundaries between words in a sentence

Fast mapping

young children use contextual cues to make a guess abt the meaning of an unfamiliar word

How does fast mapping occur

Attention between children and adults; assumption that unfamiliar words are names for objects rather than attributes; assumption that no two words have the same meaning

Quantitative changes

changes in amounts

qualitative changes

changes in kind, structure, and organization

Normative development

Changes in behavior that virtually all children share as they grow

What are the domains of development

physical, cognitive, and psychosocial

physical development

growth in the body and brain, changes in sensory capacities, motor skills, and health

cognitive development

changes in mental abilities such as attention, memory, learning, reasoning, and creativity

psychosocial development

changes in emotions, personality, social behavior, and social relationships

Age range of infancy

0-3 years old

age of early childhood

3-6 years old

age of middle childhood

6-11 years old

age of adolescence

11-20 years old

age of young adulthood

20-40 years old

Age of middle adulthood

40-65 years old

late adulthood

65+ year old

what are the three principles of human heritage

strong disposition to act on the environment, innate propensity for learning, and a predisposition to be social

Immediate contexts of development

Contexts that a person directly interacts with; ex family and peer networks

Broader context of development

contexts that someone does not directly interact with but still impacts their development

Three major factors of child development

Individual, developmental, and contextual influences

Bronfenbrenners ecological theory

The idea that development occurs through interactions between a developing person and its environment

1. Microsystems

Contexts that directly impact a child; ex: family

2. Meso system

the relationship between 2 microsystems; family and school

3. ecosystem

the relationship between a microsystem and a context that the child does not interact with; example how workplace impact family

4. Macrosystem

the overall cultural context; example political, socioeconomic status, and cultural values

5. chronosystem

The impacts of a context over a long period of time

Critical period

A specific time when an event has a specific effect on development (less plasticity)

Sensitive period

Times in development when a person is particularly responsive to certain types of experiences (more plasticity)

3 types of sampling

representative sample, convenient sample, and selective sample

Representative sample

group of participants that are randomly selected from a general population; the best for generalization

convenient sample

group of participants that are selected for convenience or access; not always good for generalization

selective sample

group of participants selected on the basis of a certain criteria; generalization depends on criteria

What are 7 forms of measure (methods)

observation, interview, questionaire, life history records, diary, standardized tests, and physiological indices

What are the 5 forms of measure informants

Self, caregiver, teacher, researcher, and peers

What are the 4 research designs

Descriptive study, correlational study, experimental study, natural stuyd

correlational study

to discover how target behavior correlates with other variables

experimental study

use controlled conditions to test a cause-and-effect relationship

natural experiment

use naturally occurring events as control to infer cause and effect relationships

confounding variable

another variable that unintentionally manipulated the difference between experimental and control group

Cross sectional study

People of different ages are assessed on one occasion

longitudinal study

People of the same age assessed over time

Sequential study

people of different ages are assessed over time

The advantages (3) and disadvantages (2) of longitudinal studies

A: can truly assess developmental changes and continuity, discover developmental processes, identify individual pathways; D: Time consuming and expensive, problems of biased attrition

Biased attrition

losing participants nonrandomly

The advantages (2) and disadvantages (2) of cross-sectional study

A: Speedy and cheap, can show similarities and differences among age groups; D: Cannot assess changes and continuity, developmental difference can be confounded by cohort differences

Cohort differences

Really big differences between age group

The advantages (4) and disadvantages (1) of sequential study

A: Speedy and economic, assesses developmental changes and continuity within a certain period, check cohort differences and reduces attrition; D: Cannot investigate individual pathways across several periods of development

What are the 4 most important ethical rules in research

Informed consent, avoiding deception and harm, privacy and confidentiality, right to decline and withdraw at any time

genotype

Genetic makeup of a person

phenotype

observable characteristics of a person

heritability

statistic estimate of contribution of heredity to a trait within a given population

What are the issues with adoption designs (2)

different homes does not mean different environment; adoption isnt randomm

Problems with family design (2)

same home doesn’t mean same environment; non-shared environment

Epigeome

The chemical molecules attached on the top of the genome that guides gene expression

What are the 3 stages of prenatal development

Germinal (0-2weeks), embryonic (2-8 weeks; critical period for all basic organ systems), fetal (8 weeks to birth)