FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

What is the chemical formula for the Hydroxyl group?

-OH[cite: 3]

What is the structure of the Hydroxyl group (-OH)?

Hydrogen bonded to an oxygen, attached to the carbon skeleton.

What are the properties of the Hydroxyl group (-OH)?

Polar, hydrophilic (water-loving), forms hydrogen bonds with water.[cite: 3]

What are examples of compounds containing a Hydroxyl group (-OH)?

Alcohols and sugars like glucose.

What is the chemical formula for the Carbonyl group?

C=O

What is the structure of the Carbonyl group (>C=O)?

Carbon double-bonded to an oxygen.

What are the properties of the Carbonyl group (>C=O)?

Polar

What are examples of compounds containing a Carbonyl group (>C=O)?

Sugars (ketoses and aldoses).

What is the chemical formula for the Carboxyl group?

-COOH

What is the structure of the Carboxyl group (-COOH)?

Carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group.

What are the properties of the Carboxyl group (-COOH)?

Acts as an acid by donating hydrogen ions (H+), giving it a negative charge in cells.

What are examples of compounds containing a Carboxyl group (-COOH)?

Amino acids and fatty acids.

What is the chemical formula for the Amino group?

-NH2

What is the structure of the Amino group (-NH2)?

Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and the carbon skeleton.

What are the properties of the Amino group (-NH2)?

Acts as a base by picking up H+ ions from the surrounding solution.

What are examples of compounds containing an Amino group (-NH2)?

Amino acids and neurotransmitters.

What is the chemical formula for the Sulfhydryl group?

-SH

What is the structure of the Sulfhydryl group (-SH)?

Sulfur bonded to a hydrogen atom.

What are the properties of the Sulfhydryl group (-SH)?

Forms covalent cross-links ("disulfide bridges") with other sulfhydryl groups to stabilize protein structure.[

What is an example of a compound containing a Sulfhydryl group (-SH)?

Amino acid cysteine.[cite: 1, 2]

What is the chemical formula for the Phosphate group?

-OPO3^2-[cite: 1]

What is the structure of the Phosphate group (-OPO3^2-)?

Phosphorus bonded to four oxygen atoms (usually ionized).[cite: 1]

What are the properties of the Phosphate group (-OPO3^2-)?

Contributes a negative charge

What are examples of compounds containing a Phosphate group (-OPO3^2-)?

Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) and ATP.[cite: 1]

What is the chemical formula for the Methyl group?

-CH3[cite: 1]

What is the structure of the Methyl group (-CH3)?

Carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms.[cite: 1]

What are the properties of the Methyl group (-CH3)?

Nonpolar, hydrophobic (water-fearing)

What are examples of compounds containing a Methyl group (-CH3)?

Methylated compounds and sex hormones.[cite: 1]