Test 3

declining

number of adults marrying is…

increasing

age at first marriage is…

decreasing

the divorce rate has been…

increasing

unmarried birth rates are…

decreasing

percentage of kids who live with both parents is…

white, latino, black

race of children in 2-parent homes (order of most)

family structure

The compositional makeup of the family, such as parental type (e.g., single parent or stepparent) or number of children in the household

family process

The interactions and social exchanges that happen within a family

affection, conflict, supervision, and home quality

family factors of delinquency

inconclusive

Studies on the relationship between number of parents and delinquency have been…

mixed results

studies on the relationship between single-parent or two-parent homes and delinquency have yielded…

attatchment

the degree to which juveniles feel close to a loved one such as a parent or grandparent

less likely

youth who report they are attached to parents are ________ to misbehave

mothers

attachment to this parent is stronger than the other in predicting delinquency

sex

attachment is stronger if the child and parent are the same…

doesn’t

parents attachment to children _____ effect children’s behavior

supervision

a family process in which the juvenile’s actions are either directly known or indirectly known by a parent or guardian

more

parents often report _____ supervision than the child reports

conflict

considered a family process in which there is unrest or bad feelings between either the juvenile in question and his/her parents or siblings or the juvenile’s parents

more likely

Juveniles who experience conflict with their parents or are subject to conflict between their parents are __________ to engage in delinquency than those who experience conflict with their siblings

discipline

A process that includes punishment for wrongdoing

more likely

Youth experiencing harsh or erratic/inconsistent discipline are ________ to engage in delinquency

boys

_____ were more likely physically punished than girls, a strain that increased delinquency

more

girls tended to experience high levels of guilt with their strain; the ____ guilt, the less delinquency

boys

strain had a much stronger effect on the likelihood ____ would engage in delinquency than the other gender

child maltreatment

includes both child abuse and child neglect

child abuse

the commission of an act (e.g., hitting a child, touching a child in a sexual manner)

child neglect

the omission of an act (e.g., failing to supervise a child, failing to feed a child)

physical child abuse

includes kicking, hitting, throwing, burning, stabbing, biting, shaking, or otherwise physically accosting a child

emotional child abuse

the constant criticism, rejection, or demeaning of a child

sexual child abuse

parent or adult uses force, coercion, or threats to engage a child in sexual acts or activities at the perpetrator’s discretion or for his/her child in sexual acts or activities at the perpetrator’s discretion or for his/her own purpose. Includes own purpose. Includes rape, molestation, incest, and other sexual assaults

physical child neglect

deprivation that results in physical harm for a child

emotional child neglect

neglect characterized by the failure to meet a child’s educational needs, such as neglecting to enroll them in school or allowing chronic truancy

emotional child neglect

ignoring a child’s need for affection or engaging in the abuse of others, such as spousal abuse, in front of a child.

1

children under ___ year old have the highest rate of child maltreatment

girls

____ are more likely than the other gender to be victims of non-fatal child maltreatment

American Indian or Alaskan native

race of children most likely to experience child matlreatment

more likely

children who had been physically abused or abused in multiple ways were ______ to be arrested for violent offenses compared to those who were not maltreated

family difficulties including abuse

most common reason for children running away

girls

____ who run away are more likely to report sexual abuse than the other gender

equally

boys and girls are _____ likely to run away

girls

____ are more likely than boys to be arrested and punished for running away

2.7 million

number of children with parents incarcerated in U.S.

fathers

when ____ are incarcerated, 88% of children remain with the other parent

mothers

when incarcerated, 44% of children remain with the other parent

parental rights

the rights of a parent to have a say in a child’s legal and physical custody.

upheaval, poverty, abuse, drug use, behavior problems

children of incarcerated individuals experience

foster kids

more likely to have educational difficulties, which lead to unemployment, homelessness, etc.

1/3

some studies found ___ of foster youth are arrested while in care

boys

after age 17, ____ score higher in math on average than the other gender

girls

____ show higher reading scores than the other gender at all ages and during all years

white

____ students have a higher reading ability than other races

public

____ school students have lower reading and math scores compared to other school students

tracking

a practice that occurs when juveniles are placed in classrooms or groups within the classroom based on their perceived intellectual abilities

alienation

a low degree of integration or high degree of isolation or distance between an individual and another individual, group, community, or institution

fail

alienated by their experiences in school are more likely to ____

more likely

juveniles who report they do not like school are more likely to report delinquent behavior

dropping out

dropping out is one of the strongest predictors of delinquent and criminal behavior

not

Sweeten et al. found that dropping out of school was ___ a direct cause of later delinquent

behavior

individual and school

characteristics that predict dropping out

less connected

juveniles who report they are ___________ to school display more problem behaviors such as delinquency

bidirectional

Liljeberg et al found that the relationship between school bonding and delinquency is…

boys

school bonding; ____ are impacted by all three types of bonds while the other gender were most impacted by their relationship with their teachers

boys

gender more likely to participate in direct forms of bullying

girls

gender more likely to engage in indirect forms of bullying

larger, college-bound students, urban settings, diverse, trained teachers

characteristics of schools with less homophobic bullying

more likely

youth who bully have been shown to be much ______ to engage in other

acts of delinquency as well and more antisocial behavior in genera

school to prison pipeline

an argument that overly harsh rules, security enhancements, and punishments mean that for many students, school becomes a preparation ground for prison

zero tolerance policy

any policy that allows no exception mandating predetermined punishments even for mistakes or extenuating circumstances

black students and special needs students

twice as likely to receive corporal punishment in schools as white students without disabilities

four times

boys are _____ more likely to receive corporal punishment than girls

black

ethnicity of girls more likely to receive corporal punishment

aggression, anxiety, depression, alienated

studies have found that students who were disciplined with corporal punishment were more likely to exhibit _____, _____, _____ and _____.

children with disabilities

research suggests that seclusion and restraint are disproportionately used against children with disabilities

says it is allowed but cautioned

SCOTUS view of corporal punishment

allowed to keep school and players safe

SCOTUS view of random drug tests in schools/school sports

socialization hypothesis of delinquency

hypothesis about delinquency that states that youth who socialize with friends who are highly delinquent will be more apt to be delinquent themselves

opportunity hypothesis of delinquency

the hypothesis that the most important factor that influences youth to engage in delinquency is the amount of time that youth spend with their friends away from parents, teachers, and other social control agents

decreased

teenage boys who have a greater proportion of friendship with girls have _______ odds they will participate in violence

increased

teenage girls who have a greater proportion of friendship with boys have _______ odds of engaging in violence

relational isolation

avoiding building close friendships with other teen girls—his allows them to avoid having to fight to defend a friend if that friend were to be confronted or provoked and allows them to not have to worry about getting caught up in violence

white

race of children most likely to use snapchatrac

youtube

boys use this social media platform the most

snapchat

girls use this social media platform the most

black

race most likely to use facebook

conflicitng evidence

there is ________ as to whether online friendships and social networks are associated

with increased delinquency

motivated offender, suitable target, absence of a capable guardian

according to routine activities theory, in order for an act of victimization to occur, three factors must converge in time and space…

girls

gender treated more harshly for their involvement in sexting

will widen the number of children in the justice system

reason that a new category of delinquency related to youth sexting is bad

stigmatizes, increases negative views of them, decreases opportunities

impacts of a teenager being labeled in a gang

male, black, Hispanic, single-parent, below poverty line

Pyrooz and Sweeten found that gang members are more than reported and youth gang members are disproportionately…

end of American revolution

when gangs started to pop up in america

working class and poor

characteristics of the first types of people to join gangs in america

subculture of violence theory

a perspective that characterizes youth gangs as the result of a formation of a peer group that actively opposes middle-class mainstream norms of nonviolent behavior through the creation of a hypermasculine, aggressive subculture

routine activities theory

a theory that states that gang involvement results because youth have free time on their hands and opportunities to join a gang

multiple marginality theory

Vigil’s theory that links the many ways that youth are marginalized in society (ranging from the macro level to the individual level) to their eventual involvement in a gang

street socialization

when youth bond with others who share a common background and become part of a subcultural group in which they develop and share their own values

10-30

between _____ percent of gang members are women

autonomous gang

a type of female gang that exists on its own with no attachment to male gangs

mixed-gender gang

a type of female gang that has both boys and girls in its ranks