Coding Commands

!

Equivalent to not

[]

Selects specific items in the dataset

Where is rows and columns in []

[row, column]

exclude = NULL

Separates NA into their own category

dim()

Shows the number rows then columns

nrow()

Tells you the number of rows

data.frame()

Puts variables into a data set

select()

Picks columns

filter()

Picks rows

level()

Shows the categories for vairables labelled factors

table()

Counts the number of observations for each unique category

colSums()

Sums up the values in each column

ggplot(penguins, aes(x=flipper, y=body)) +

geom_point(color = “blue”, alpha = 0.6))

Makes every point blue

ggplot(penguins, aes(x=flipper, y=body))+

geom_point(aes(color = “blue”))

Creates a legend with the word blue

If alpha is placed inside aes()

Legend is made, and chracteristics not applied because it assumes it’s a variable

If alpha or colour is placed outside aes()

No legend is made, and characteristics applied

facet_wrap(~variable)

Adds multiple separate graphs with the same axis

face_grid(variable~variable)

Creates a grid of graphs between two variables

cor(x,y)

Finds pearson’s correlation

lm(y~x)

Predicts linear mnodel

sample()

Randomly picks numbers`

function()

Named chunk of code that can be ran

quantile(c(lower, upper))

Finds intervals

pnorm()

Gives area under the standard normal curve below z (you put in a z score)

qnorm()

Gives z scores for an area (you put in an area and get a z score)