Cognition(Memory)

Short-Term Memory

Temporary storage system that holds a limited amount of information.

Long-Term Memory

Permanent or near-permanent storage system with unlimited capacity.

Automatic processing

Unconscious encoding of incidental information like space, time, and frequency.

Effortful processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Encoding

The process of getting information into the memory system.

Storage

The retention of encoded information over time.

Retrieval

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Multi-Store Model

Model proposing three distinct memory stores: sensory, short-term, and long-term.

Iconic memory

Visual sensory memory lasting only a fraction of a second.

Echoic memory

Auditory sensory memory lasting up to a few seconds.

Explicit memory

Conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, experiences, and events.

Episodic memory

Subcategory of explicit memory focused on personal experiences and specific events.

Semantic memory

Subcategory of explicit memory focused on general knowledge and facts about the world.

Implicit memory

Memories that influence behavior without conscious awareness or recall.

Procedural memory

Type of implicit memory that stores information on how to perform specific actions and skills.

Prospective memory

Remembering to perform an intended action in the future.

Long-term potentiation

Persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.

Working memory

Active system that temporarily holds and manipulates information in conscious awareness.

Phonological loop

Component of working memory that deals with spoken and written material.

Sensory memory

Ultra-short-term memory that holds sensory information for a fraction of a second.

Levels of processing model

Model stating that deeper mental processing leads to more durable memories.

Shallow encoding

Encoding information based on superficial characteristics, like appearance or sound.

Deep encoding

Encoding information based on its meaning and personal significance.

Mnemonic devices

Techniques used to aid and improve memory retention and recall.

Method of loci

Mnemonic device involving associating items with specific physical locations.

Chunking-Grouping

Organizing information into manageable units or groups to aid memory.

Hierarchies-GroupingSpacing effect

Distributing study sessions over time rather than massing them to improve retention.

Memory consolidation

Process of stabilizing a memory trace after initial acquisition.

Massed practice

Cramming study time into a single, continuous session.

Distributed practice

Spreading study sessions out over time for better long-term retention.

Serial position effect

Tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than middle items.

Primacy effect

Better recall of items at the beginning of a list.

Recency effect

Better recall of items at the end of a list.

Maintenance rehearsal

Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory without deep processing.

Elaborative rehearsal

Associating new information with existing knowledge to encode it deeply.

Memory retention

The ability to retain and maintain encoded information over time.

Autobiographical memory

Memory for specific events and personal facts from one's own life.

Retrograde amnesia

Inability to recall old memories formed before a trauma or onset of amnesia.

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to form new memories after a trauma or onset of amnesia.

Alzheimer's disease

Progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by severe memory loss and cognitive decline.

Infantile amnesia

Inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories from early childhood.

Recall

Accessing information without conscious cues or prompts.

Recognition

Identifying previously learned information when presented with cues or options.

Retrieval cues

Stimuli that assist in accessing stored memories.

Context-dependent memory

Improved recall when the retrieval context matches the encoding context.

Mood-congruent memory

Tendency to recall memories that match one's current emotional state.

State-dependent

Improved recall when internal physiological or psychological states match during encoding and retrieval.

Proactive interference

Disruption of new memory formation by previously learned information.

Retroactive interference

Disruption of old memory recall by newly learned information.

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Temporary inability to remember a word or term combined with the feeling that retrieval is imminent.

Repression

Unconscious blocking of unpleasant or traumatic thoughts and memories.

Misinformation effect

Distortion of memory by misleading post-event information.

Source amnesia

Remembering information but forgetting the source or context of where it was learned.

Constructive memory

Rebuilding of a memory using various cues and expectations, which can lead to errors.