Chemistry for EXAM

Ionic Bonding

This occurs between a metal and a non-metal. Electrons are transferred from the metal to the non-metal, forming charged ions that attract each other.

Covalent Bonding

Occurs between two or more non-metals. Atoms share pairs of electrons so that both atoms achieve a full outer shell.

Metallic Bonding

Occurs between metal atoms. Metal atoms lose their outer electrons into a shared “sea” of delocalised electrons that surrounds the resulting metal cations

Metals - Position on the Periodic Table

Electrons

Typical Physical Properties

Examples

Metals - Left and Centre (including the transition metals)

Metals - Electrons are lost more easily because metals normally form positive ions (cations)

Typical Physical Properties - Shiny (lustrous), malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, high melting points.

Examples - Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), copper (CU)

Non-Metals - Position on the periodic table

Electrons

Typical Physical properties

Examples

Right-hand side (hydrogen is the exception)

Tend to gain (or share) electrons ~ form negative (anions)

Dull brittle when solid, poor conductors (insulators), often gases or low-melting solids/liquids

Oxygen (O), Chlorine (Cl), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N)